AP World Unit 5 Flashcards
Abolition Movement 5.1
Definition: The abolition movement was a movement centered around eradicating slavery. Specifically, the eradication of the trans-Atlantic slave trade and chattel slavery. The abolition movement initially started due to religious groups/movements and enlightenment ideals that pushed for natural rights, however, it eventually began a controversial topic that divided the United States.
Learning Objective 2: Enlightenment ideals and ideologies helped to change society as the enlightenment promoted equal rights for all people. In fact, the enlightenment was centered around natural rights. Natural rights are God-given rights that everyone obtains. These “God-given” rights that everyone supposedly obtained helped to promote women and POC rights.
Empiricism 5.1
Definition: Empiricism is a philosophy promoted by John Locke. It is centered around the idea that significant knowledge comes from our experiences. However, it also explains that there are some things that don’t need to be proven by direct experiences.
Learning Objective 1: Empiricism was an ideological context that swept the Atlantic world as it was centered around the idea that all things must be experienced in order for them to be factual. Thus, meaning that we should not believe everything that comes out of a textbook, rather we should use our eyes, ears, and other senses to experience it.
Suffrage Movement 5.1:
Definition: The suffrage movement was a movement focused on allowing women the right to vote. Women’s right to vote was not easily earned as it took many activists, reforms, and protests for women to finally win their rights. One major convention that was held in an attempt to give women the right to vote was the Seneca Falls Convention of 1848. The convention was centered around women’s rights, specifically women’s right to vote. The convention ultimately passed 12 resolutions that were designed to gain women certain rights and privileges they didn’t currently obtain.
Learning Objective 2: Many new philosophies developed in the 17th-8th century, one of them being feminism. Feminist Ideals were first introduced to a vast majority of the public after Mary Wollstonecraft wrote a book titled, “A Vindication of the Rights of a Women, 1792,” a book that elaborated on feminism and the rights of women.
Enlightenment 5.1
Definition: The enlightenment was an intellectual, philosophical movement that began in Europe in the 17th century. It was focused on liberty, individualism, and freedom. Enlightenment ideologies spread throughout Europe and America and drastically changed people’s views/outlook on how they approached life. The enlightenment was ultimately focused on teaching humans to have a better outlook on how to improve their world/life.
Learning Objective 1: Intellectual and philosophical ideals swept through the Atlantic in the 17th and 18th centuries. Specifically, the ideas of freedom, liberty, knowledge, and individualism heavily impacted Europe and America.
American Revolution 5.2:
Definition: The American Revolution was the revolution in which thirteen of Britain’s North American colonies rejected and denied its imperial rule. The American’s along with the help of the French were able to defeat the British and ultimately declare independence as the United States of America. Important leaders of the American Revolution were George Washington, Benjamin Franklin, and Thomas Jefferson. Important documents include the Declaration of Independence, Virginia Declaration of Rights, and Geroge Washington’s commission as commander in chief.
Learning Objective: The American Revolution was caused by many events including the seven years war, Boston Massacre, Boston Tea Party, Intolerable Act, and other taxes/duties imposed on the 13 colonies by Great Britain. Effects of the American revolution included new trade, the opening of western territories for invasion/settlement, and the creation of manufacturers.
Bolivar Revolutions 5.2:
Definition: The Bolivar revolutions were a number of revolutions led by Simon Bolivar against the Spanish. Bolivar believed that the American people were unable to aquire knowledge on government and civic vertue as the Spanish were keeping them in the dark. This led him to lead several rebellions against the Spanish government. Bolivar’s fight for Latin self-rule helped to establish various nations such as Venezuela, Colombia, Bolivia, Peru, and Panama.
Learning Objective 3: The Bolivar revolutions were caused by poor, unfair treatment of south Americans by the Spanish. This treatment ultimately led to the Americans seeking their independence from the Spanish. The effects of the Bolivar revolution was the creation of multiple new coutries.
Classical Liberalism 5.2:
Definition: Classical liberalism is an ideology that is centered around the principles of a free market, civil liberties, limited government, economic freedom, and political freedom. The main goal of classical liberalism is to advocate the protection of individual rights and liberties by limiting government power. The founder of classical liberalism was John Stuart Mill. John Stuart Mill also went on to found other political ideologies such as utilitarianism as well.
Learning Objective 3: Classical liberalism arose in the 18th century as people began to promote ideas of the enlightenment. Those ideals promoted freedoms, liberties, individualism, etc. Classical liberalism preaches all of those things and highlights that one should not rely on the government and rather on themselves.
French Revolution 5.2
Definition: A period of time in France when radical ideas/philosophies were spreading. The spreading eventually led peasants and commoners to defy the monarchy in an attempt to establish their own government called the national assembly. Due to the protests and obscure violence, the king was eventually forced to accept the national assembly. The revolution continued with more conflict between the commoners and “nobility.” However, this revolution ultimately led to the installment of natural rights in France
Learning Objective 3: The French Revolution was caused by an uprising through the lower class as they were angry that the French nobility/royalty limited their say/power. Effects of the French Revolution were the unification of the state and the growing power of the state.
Haitian Revolution 5.2:
The Haitian revolution began as slaves revolted against their white slave owners in an attempt to gain their freedom. The then free slaves gained even more power as more escaped slaves began to join them in their revolt. Eventually, enslaved Haitians and the “maroon society” formed together to overthrow the French government that ruled over Haiti. After Haiti established its independence it worked to abolish slavery and apply natural rights into its government.
Learning Objective 3: The Haitian revolution was caused by the enslavement of many Haitians by white slave owners. This caused an uprising that eventually led the slaves to rebel against their owners in pursuit of their freedom. Effects of the Haitian Revolution include the ending of Napoleans mission to establish a nation in the western hemisphere and the selling of France’s North American holdings.
Nationalism 5.2:
The idea that one’s own nation is better/superior to all others. Nationalism is pride in one’s country.
Learning Objective 3: Many of the revolutions that occurred between 1750-1900 spawned due to nationalism. Similarly, nationalism arose after independent nations were formed.
Causes of Industrialization 5.3:
The industrial revolution was able to take place due to the agricultural revolution which occurred just before the Industrial revolution. The introduction of crop rotation and inventions like the seed drill icreased food production. More food led to more people and increased industrialization (which are both good things). Because there were more people, more jobs were filled, thus the demand for manufactured goods was fulfilled.
Learning Objective 4: Environmental factors such as the agricultural revolution contributed to the development of the industrial revolution.
Factory System 5.3:
A method of manufacturing that was introduced in Britain at the beginning of the industrial revolution. It relied on machinery and human labor. It also allowed for the mass production of goods. However, the factory system was known for its harsh work conditions such as long hours and unsanitary conditions. Child labor was also very common.
Learning Objective 4: Many people began to move to cities during this time as they were looking for jobs in factories. This led to urbanization which was poor for the envirornment.
Industrialization 5.4:
When an economy is transformed from an agricultural one to one which relies heavily on the production of manufactered goods. Industrailization introduced assembly lines, machines, factories, etc.
Learning Objective 5: As the industrial revolution began industries and businesses relied on factory workers and machines to produce their goods/products rather than agricultural processes.
Fossil Fuels Revolution 5.5:
The use of coal and other fossil fuels changed the way people transported goods. Unlike water, coal could be transported anywhere and was just as reliable. Not to mention, coal can be turned off/on by humans. This ultimately led to a large demand for coal as it completely changed the way people traveled across the water. Thus causing the fossil fuel revolution as it made many goods more accessible.
Learning Objective 6: Technologies such as the steam engine and railroads (which both relied on fossil fuels to run) helped to shape and advance the economy as they allowed for the swift transportation of in-demand goods.
Industrial Communication 5.5:
Multiple inventions allowed for improved industrial communication. The steamship allowed for fast, efficient water transportation through the use of steam and coal. This improvement in transportation allowed for many people to obtain goods that may be from another country/region. Additionally, both the telephone and railroad allowed for people to communicate/transport goods across long distances at fast rates. This led to more people interacting and the diffusion of manufactured goods.
Learning Objective 6: These new technologies helped the economy immensely as they allowed for goods to be distributed more quickly/efficiently which ultimately led to more production and profit.
Internal Combustion Engine 5.5:
An engine that relies on fossil fuels to generate power. This invention was important because it allowed for quicker distribution of manufactured goods.
Learning Objective 6: This technological innovation helped to shape the economy by providing a faster, more efficient way to distribute goods.
Second Industrial Revolution 5.5:
The second industrial revolution was centered around the production of steel, chemicals, precision machinery, and electronics. During the second industrial revolution, certain people became very wealthy as they were able to obtain mass amounts of steel/oil that they were able to sell for a large profit as it was in high demand.
Learning Objective 6: The second industrial revolution helped to shape the economy as it established what goods were seen as essential, high demand, and high quality.
Steam Engine 5.5:
An engine that allowed for goods to be distributed more efficiently over large areas as the engine was powered by coal instead of water.
Learning Objective 6: This technological innovation helped to shape the economy by providing a faster, more efficient way to distribute goods.
Meiji Restoration 5.6:
The Meiji restoration began as the Japanese felt that they were putting their country/culture in danger by refusing to westernize/industrialize. After they saw all the tragedies of China’s refusal to industrialize they began to industrialize/westernize in what was known as the Meiji restoration. The restoration included reforms that abolished feudalism and created new education systems as well as roads and railroads.
Learning Objective 7: Unlike the United States, Japan’s industrialization was funded by the state. They did this in order to ensure that the complete industrialization of their country ran on their accord. On the other hand, the United States’ industrial revolution was founded by private companies.
Muhammad Ali 5.6:
Muhammad Ali was a general in the Ottoman empire when he suddenly became the ruler of Egypt. After he came to power he began to “modernize” Egypt. He did this by creating his own reforms which established schools, educated military officers, and created a newspaper. Muhammad Ali further pushed to industrialize Egypt by capitalizing on its agricultural land and by creating factories/trade with other nations.
Learning Objective 7: Similar to the Meiji restoration, Muhammad Ali established reforms to industrialize. In comparison, other countries like Britain did not have to establish reforms to industrailize.
Capitalism 5.7:
An economic system based on open competition in a free market. Basically, the idea is that the government does not control the economy, rather private businesses do. People own their own busiesses and create their own profit. Capitalism was created by Adam Smith.
Learning Objective 8: The development of capitalism allowed for people who obtained mass amounts of steel/fossil fuels to become extremely wealthy as they were able to sell their product in an open market for whatever price they set.
Stock Market 5.7:
The stock market allows people to buy a portion/share of a company thus owning part of it. When the company makes a profit you make a percent of that profit depending on the size of your share in the company. The same goes for when the company loses money. The stock market is an example of an open market.
Learning Objective 8: The stock market introduced the ability to invest to the “everyday” person. The stock market goes hand-in-hand with capitalism as it revolves around the concept of an open market.
Transnational Business 5.7:
Transnational businesses are businesses that operate in more than one country and do not consider one country their “home.”This allows them to produce/distribute goods simultaneously in multiple countries. Examples of transnational businesses include the United Fruit Company and HSBC.
Learning Objective 8: Transnational Businesses allowed for companies to expand their margin for profit and production, thus expanding the economy.
Communism 5.8:
A political system in which the government controls all property, manufacturing, basically all aspects of life. Communism heavily critiques capitalism and believes that the government should have full control of the economy. The founder of communism is Karl Marx.
Learning Objective 9: Communism developed during the industrial revolution as many people desired an economy where everyone was given the same amount of money and the same general treatment. We can see those desires being brought to the forefront in labor unions.
