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Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Review > Ap1 > Flashcards

Ap1 Flashcards

(123 cards)

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1
Q

What is Anatomy?

A

The study of body structure

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2
Q

What is Physiology?

A

The study of body parts and how they interact with one another

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3
Q

What does the Anatomical Position refer to?

A

Reference point for all directions and regions of the human body, with the subject facing the observer, standing erect, arms at sides, palms forward, and feet flat.

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4
Q

Define Axial anatomical region

A

Represents core of body, includes all structures except the upper and lower appendages.

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5
Q

What are the main Axial anatomical regions?

A
  • Cephalic (head)
  • Cervical (neck)
  • Thoracic (chest)
  • Abdominal (belly)
  • Pelvic (hip)
  • Pubic (groin)
  • Nuchal (back of the neck)
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6
Q

Define Appendicular anatomical region

A

Includes upper and lower appendages.

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7
Q

List the Appendicular anatomical regions.

A
  • Axillary (armpit)
  • Brachial (upper arm)
  • Antecubital (front of the elbow)
  • Antebrachial (forearm)
  • Carpal (wrist)
  • Palmar (palm)
  • Pollex (thumb)
  • Digital or phalangeal (fingers)
  • Femoral (thigh)
  • Patellar (anterior surface of the knee)
  • Crural (leg)
  • Pedal (foot)
  • Metatarsal/tarsal (ankle)
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8
Q

What does Ventral mean?

A

Toward the front or belly

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9
Q

What does Dorsal mean?

A

Toward the back or spine

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10
Q

What is the meaning of Anterior?

A

Toward the ventral side

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11
Q

What is the meaning of Posterior?

A

Toward the dorsal side

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12
Q

Define Cephalic.

A

Toward the head or superior end

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13
Q

What does Rostral mean?

A

Toward the forehead or nose

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14
Q

What does Caudal mean?

A

Toward the tail or inferior end

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15
Q

What does Superior mean?

A

Above

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16
Q

What does Inferior mean?

A

Below

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17
Q

Define Medial.

A

Toward the median plane

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18
Q

What does Lateral mean?

A

Away from the median plane

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19
Q

What does Proximal mean?

A

Closer to the point of attachment or origin

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20
Q

What does Distal mean?

A

Farther from the point of attachment or origin

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21
Q

What does Ipsilateral mean?

A

On the same side of the body (right or left)

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22
Q

What does Contralateral mean?

A

On opposite sides of the body (right and left)

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23
Q

What does Superficial mean?

A

Closer to the body surface

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24
Q

What does Deep mean?

A

Farther from the body surface

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25
What are the two basic functions of body cavities?
* Protect vital internal organs from accidental shock * Allow for possible change in shape and size of organs
26
What are the four main body cavities?
* Dorsal cavity * Ventral cavity * Thoracic cavity * Abdominopelvic cavity
27
What does the Dorsal cavity contain?
* Cranial cavity (contains the brain) * Vertebral/Spinal cavity (contains the spinal cord)
28
What does the Ventral cavity contain?
* Abdominopelvic cavity * Thoracic cavity
29
What is the function of the diaphragm?
Separates the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities
30
What are the subdivisions of the Thoracic cavity?
* Two Pleural cavities (each surrounds a lung) * Mediastinum (contains the heart, trachea, esophagus, and vessels) * Pericardial cavity (encloses the heart)
31
What does the Abdominopelvic cavity contain?
* Abdominal cavity (contains stomach, intestines, spleen, liver) * Pelvic cavity (contains urinary bladder, reproductive organs, rectum)
32
What are the two layers of serous membranes?
* Parietal layer (lines the walls of the body cavity) * Visceral layer (covers the organ's surface)
33
How many Abdominopelvic Quadrants are there?
Four
34
List the four Abdominopelvic Quadrants.
* Right Upper quadrant * Left Upper quadrant * Right Lower quadrant * Left Lower quadrant
35
How many Abdominopelvic Regions are there?
Nine
36
List the Nine Abdominopelvic Regions.
* Right hypochondriac region * Epigastric region * Left hypochondriac region * Right lumbar region * Umbilical region * Left lumbar region * Right iliac (inguinal) region * Hypogastric (pubic) region * Left iliac (inguinal) region
37
What is the clinical significance of the Right Lower Quadrant?
Appendicitis is suspected in this area.
38
What does Pelvic Inflammatory Disease affect?
Inflammation of ovaries
39
What is Diverticulitis?
Pouchlike herniations through the walls of an organ, commonly affecting the sigmoid colon.
40
What is Peptic Ulcer Disease?
A sore on the lining of the stomach or small intestine
41
What does the Transverse Plane do?
Separates the body into superior and inferior portions
42
What does the Frontal/Coronal Plane do?
Separates the body into anterior (front) and posterior (back) portions
43
What does the Sagittal Plane do?
Separates the body into left and right portions
44
What is the Midsagittal Plane?
A sagittal plane that runs down the midline of the body, dividing it into equal left and right portions
45
What is the Parasagittal Plane?
A sagittal plane that is lateral to the midline of the body
46
What are the levels of organization from smallest to largest?
* Atoms * Molecules * Cells * Tissues * Organs * Organ system * Organism
47
How many organ systems are there?
Eleven
48
What is the function of the Integumentary system?
Protects the body, regulates temperature, synthesizes Vitamin D, and excretes waste
49
What is the function of the Skeletal system?
Provides structural support, protects internal organs, provides movement, plays a major role in blood formation, and stores calcium
50
What is the function of the Muscular system?
Provides movement, maintains posture, produces heat
51
What is the function of the Lymphatic system?
Balances fluids, transports dietary lipids, and plays a role in immunity
52
What is the function of the Respiratory system?
Gas exchange, olfaction, and sound production
53
What is the function of the Urinary system?
Eliminates waste, regulates blood volume, pressure, composition, and pH
54
What is the function of the Nervous system?
Controls other body systems, allows for communication between systems, and processes sensory information
55
What is the function of the Endocrine system?
Regulates metabolism, growth, and reproduction through the production and use of hormones
56
What is the function of the Cardiovascular system?
Transports gases, nutrients, hormones, waste, and distributes heat
57
What is the function of the Digestive system?
Breaks down food to absorbable nutrients and rids the body of waste
58
What is the function of the Reproductive systems?
Produces gametes, sex hormones, maintains secondary sex characteristics, nurtures and develops a fetus
59
What is Homeostasis?
The process of all organ systems working to keep internal environment constant and stable.
60
What are Regulated variables?
Variables that are sensed via sensors and must be kept within a certain acceptable range.
61
What are Controlled variables?
Non-regulated variables that the system cannot change.
62
What is a Set point?
Average acceptable value for a variable.
63
What is the role of the Sensor (Receptor) in feedback mechanisms?
Monitors and detects any changes in the environment.
64
What is the role of the Control center (Integration center) in feedback mechanisms?
Determines the set point and processes information from the sensors.
65
What is the role of the Target (Effector) in feedback mechanisms?
Carries out the instructions from the control center.
66
What is Negative Feedback?
Primary mechanism for homeostatic regulation that reduces or counterbalances the original stimulus.
67
What is Positive Feedback?
Response of the effector that works to further increase the change caused by the stimulus.
68
What is an Element?
A form of matter that cannot be broken down any further by chemical reactions.
69
Define Atom.
The smallest particle of an element that still has the properties of that element.
70
What are the subatomic particles of an atom?
* Protons (+1 charge) * Neutrons (0 charge) * Electrons (-1 charge)
71
What is Atomic number?
Number of protons in an atom.
72
What is Mass number?
Total number of protons + neutrons in an atom.
73
What is Atomic weight?
Average mass of an atom of that element.
74
What are Isotopes?
Atoms with the same number of protons but different numbers of neutrons.
75
What are Ions?
Atoms or molecules with an electrical charge due to an imbalance of protons and electrons.
76
Define Electrolytes.
Substances that give off or form ions when dissolved in water.
77
What are the three main types of chemical bonding?
* Ionic bonding * Covalent bonding * Metallic bonding
78
What is Ionic bonding?
Form between cations and anions through the transfer of electrons.
79
What is Covalent bonding?
Formed by sharing electrons between nonmetals.
80
What is Polar covalent bonding?
A bond where electrons are shared unequally due to different electronegativities.
81
What is Nonpolar covalent bonding?
A bond where electrons are shared equally.
82
What is Metallic bonding?
Occurs between metals.
83
What type of bonds do nonmetals form by sharing electrons?
Covalent bonds ## Footnote Nonmetals share electrons instead of transferring them as in ionic bonds.
84
What is formed when one atom in a bond has a higher electronegativity?
Polar covalent bond ## Footnote Electrons are shared unequally in this type of bond.
85
What type of covalent bond forms when both nonmetals have similar electron affinity?
Nonpolar covalent bond ## Footnote Electrons are shared equally in this type of bond.
86
What are the two main classifications of elements on the periodic table?
Metals and Nonmetals ## Footnote Elements are grouped based on their properties.
87
What is a mixture?
A combination of more than one compound, physically mixed together ## Footnote Mixtures can be classified as homogeneous or heterogeneous.
88
Define a homogeneous mixture.
A mixture that does not separate over time and cannot be separated by most membranes ## Footnote Also known as solutions.
89
What is a solute?
The substance that makes up the smaller part of the solution ## Footnote Examples include salt and sugar.
90
What is a solvent?
The substance that makes up the larger part of the solution ## Footnote An example is water.
91
What property of water allows it to dissolve many substances?
Its cohesive and adhesive properties ## Footnote Water molecules are attracted to each other and to other molecules.
92
What is acidosis?
Blood with a pH lower than 7.35 ## Footnote This can be caused by an accumulation of CO2.
93
What is alkalosis?
Blood with a pH greater than 7.45 ## Footnote This can be caused by an increased loss of CO2.
94
What does the pH scale measure?
The acidity or basicity of a solution ## Footnote pH values range from 0 to 14.
95
What is a buffer solution?
A solution that resists large pH changes when an acid or base is added ## Footnote Buffers help maintain stable pH levels.
96
What is organic chemistry?
The study of carbon-based structures ## Footnote Carbon is vital for life due to its four unpaired valence electrons.
97
What are functional groups?
Structures that give a compound specific properties and dictate its reactions ## Footnote They influence solubility, reactivity, and consistency.
98
What are biomolecules?
Substances produced by living organisms ## Footnote Examples include carbohydrates, proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids.
99
What is a monomer?
Small molecular building blocks that can link together to form polymers ## Footnote Examples include monosaccharides, amino acids, and nucleotides.
100
What is polymerization?
The formation of a polymer ## Footnote A polymer is a large molecule constructed from many small molecules.
101
What is hydrolysis?
The breaking down of organic molecules using water ## Footnote Water is inserted into a functional group to break the molecule apart.
102
What is dehydration synthesis?
The formation of new bonds in organic molecules, resulting in water as a byproduct ## Footnote It's the process of building larger molecules from smaller ones.
103
What is the primary function of carbohydrates?
Source of energy ## Footnote They are involved in cellular respiration.
104
Define monosaccharides.
Simple sugars with an unbranched chain of 3-8 carbon atoms ## Footnote Examples include glucose, fructose, and galactose.
105
What forms a disaccharide?
Two monosaccharides joined together ## Footnote Common examples include sucrose, maltose, and lactose.
106
What are polysaccharides?
Complex carbohydrates formed from many monosaccharides ## Footnote Examples include starch and cellulose.
107
What is the structure of cellulose?
Many glucose molecules linked together with each glucose rotated 180 degrees ## Footnote This structure makes cellulose stable and indigestible for humans.
108
What is an enzyme?
A protein that lowers the activation energy for reactions ## Footnote Example: Lipase digests fats in the gut.
109
What are lipids primarily made of?
Hydrocarbons (carbons and hydrogens) ## Footnote They are generally insoluble in water.
110
What are triglycerides?
Made of three fatty acids bound to a glycerol molecule ## Footnote They have a characteristic ester functional group.
111
What is the function of steroids?
They act as hormones and have key physiological effects ## Footnote Examples include cholesterol and prednisone.
112
What characterizes saturated fats?
Carbon chain is full of hydrogen atoms and mostly made of single bonds ## Footnote They are solid at room temperature.
113
What is the main function of nucleic acids?
To pass on genetic code to future generations ## Footnote They are built from nucleotides.
114
What are the components of a nucleotide?
A nitrogenous base, a five-carbon sugar, and a phosphate group ## Footnote Nitrogenous bases include purines and pyrimidines.
115
What is the structure of DNA?
A double helix formed from deoxyribose sugar and phosphate ## Footnote Base pairs include A-T and G-C.
116
What does mRNA do?
Transfers the gene code out of the nucleus ## Footnote It plays a key role in protein synthesis.
117
What defines complete proteins?
Proteins that contain all essential amino acids ## Footnote Typically found in animal-based foods.
118
What are essential amino acids?
Amino acids that must be obtained through diet ## Footnote They cannot be synthesized by the body.
119
What is a dipeptide?
A chain of two amino acids ## Footnote It forms through peptide bonding.
120
What is the primary protein structure?
The order of amino acids held together by peptide bonds ## Footnote This sequence determines protein functionality.
121
What are the three common types of secondary protein structures?
Alpha helix, beta-pleated sheet, and triple helix ## Footnote Each type has a unique bonding pattern.
122
What is tertiary protein structure?
The 3-D structure formed by attractions and repulsions between side-chain groups ## Footnote This structure is crucial for protein function.
123
What is quaternary protein structure?
A structure made up of subunits of polypeptide chains ## Footnote These subunits interact to form a functional protein.

Anatomy & Physiology Exam 1 Review (2 decks)

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