AP1 Exam 1 Flashcards
(176 cards)
1
Q
Define Anatomy
A
Study of body structures and their relationships
2
Q
Define Physiology
A
Study of body functions
3
Q
What is embryology?
A
First 8 weeks of development after fertilization of a human egg
4
Q
Levels of organization
A
Chemical
Cellular
Tissue
Organ
Organ System
Organism
5
Q
Characteristics of Living Things
A
Differentiation
Growth
Metabolism
Movement
Reproduction
Responsiveness
6
Q
Metabolism is the ____ of all the _____ processes that occur in the body.
A
sum
chemical
7
Q
What are the two primary control systems the body uses to maintain homeostasis?
A
Nervous system
Endocrine system
8
Q
Disorder
A
Any abnormality of structure or function
9
Q
Disease
A
A more specific term for an illness characterized by a recognizable set of signs and symptoms
10
Q
Mucous membrane aka mucosa lines a body cavities that open to the
A
outside
11
Q
Serous membranes
A
line cavities that do NOT open directly to the outside.
12
Q
Pleurisy and peritonitis are usually accompanied by _________
A
insufficient production of lubricating fluid.
13
Q
Retroperitoneal organs and structures
A
kidneys
adrenal glands
pancreas
duodenum of the small intestine
ascending and descending colons of the large intestine
portions of the abdominal aorta and inferior vena cava
14
Q
The duodenum is in which quadrant?
A
RUQ
15
Q
The pylorus of the stomach is in which quadrant?
A
RUQ
16
Q
Regarding quadrants, the head of the pancreas is in the ____ and the body and tail is in the _____?
A
head is in the RUQ
body and tail in the LUQ
17
Q
T/F
The small intestine lies in all four quadrants?
A
True
18
Q
In which quadrants do the kidneys lie?
A
RUQ and LUQ
19
Q
-lemma means
A
Sheath (e.g. plasmalemma)
20
Q
The lipid bi-layer consists of which three components?
A
Phospholipids
Glycolipids
Cholesterol
21
Q
Define amphipathic
A
Contain both polar and non-polar parts
22
Q
Glycoproteins
A
membrane proteins with a carb. group
23
Q
Glycolipids
A
membrane lipids with a carb. group
24
Q
Purpose of cholesterol in the lipid bilayer?
A
Mediates membrane fluidity
25
Membrane proteins are classified as either ____ or ____ proteins
integral
peripheral
26
What is the glycocalyx? What is is made of?
The "sugary coating" surrounding the cell membrane
The carb. portions of glycolipids and glycoproteins
\*Only located on the outer portion of the cell membrane
27
What are the functions of the glycocalyx?
Acts as a cellular "signature" for identification
Cell adhesion
Can attract a film to make the cell "slippery" (RBCs)
Protections from enzymatic activity in the ECF
28
A continuous change in a cells glycocalyx; think \_\_\_\_\_
Cancer
a continuous change in "identity" may help the cell avoid the immune system
29
Fat soluble vitamins
ADEK
30
What factors affect diffusion?
amount of substance
steepness of concentration gradient
temperature
surface area
diffusion distance
31
What is osmosis?
Diffusion of solvent (water) across/through a semipermeable membrane
32
During secondary active transport, symporters carry two substances across the cell membrane in the ______ direction; antiporters carry two substances in the \_\_\_\_\_direction.
same
opposite
33
Vesicular transport is considered a form of _____ transport because _____ is required.
active
energy
34
Most body cells carry out bulk-phase endocytosis, also called \_\_\_\_\_\_, a form of endocytosis in which tiny droplets of extracellular fluid are takenup.
pinocytosis (pi-no--sī-TO - -sis; pino- = to drink) or “cell drinking,”
35
Pino-
to drink; pinocytosis
36
Explain transcytosis (3 "steps")
endocytosis on one side
moves through the cell
exocytosis on the opposite side
37
The cytoskeleton is comprised of what 3 things?
Microfilaments
Intermediate filaments
Microtubules
38
Chromatin represents the \_\_\_\_\_\_, ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_ of the interphase nucleus.
relaxed, uncoiled chromosomes
39
The nuclear membrane is ______ membraned
double
40
Where are both ribosomal subunits produced?
in the nucleolus
41
Ribosomes are stored where?
In the cytosol as free ribosomes
fixed ribosomes (RER or nuclear membrane)
in the mitochondria
42
Ribosomes reside, \_\_\_\_\_\_, in the cytoplasm until needed.
disassembled
43
Ribosomes are comprised of a ______ unit and a ______ unit (2 units overall)
large unit- joins the AAs to form polypeptide chains
small unit- initiates translation, recruits the large unit, and reads the mRNA
44
The RER is more ______ whereas the SER is more a *network* of \_\_\_\_\_\_.
linear
tubules
45
Golgi complex
a stack of 3-20 flattened, membrane enclosed sacs called “cisternae”
46
Mitochondria
cells powerplant
self replicating
have their own DNA
have their own ribosomes
used to establish hereditary from the mother only
47
Lysosome
vesicles that form from golgi body and contain powerful digestive enzymes
carry out autophagy (digestion of worn out organelles)
carry out autolysis (digestion of the entire cell)
48
Peroxisomes
Detoxify several toxic substances such as alcohol
also break down H2O2 (byproduct of oxidation)
self replicating (by enlarging and dividing) but dont contain their own DNA
49
Peroxisomes
Detoxify several toxic substances such as alcohol (abundant in the liver)
also break down H2O2 (byproduct of oxidation)
self replicating (by enlarging and dividing) but dont contain their own DNA
50
Proteasomes
continuously destroy unneeded, damaged, faulty proteins
Found in the cytosol and nucleus
\*parkinsons, alzheimers; may arise from dysfunctional proteasomes\>\>collection of faulty proteins
51
Centrosome
located near the nucleus in paired, perpendicular cylinders
assembly of microtubules (aka microtubule organizing center)
52
Cilia move ______ along a cell surface.
fluid
53
Flagella move an entire cell; only found on the ______ cell in humans.
sperm
54
Inclusions
non living components within cells
not membrane bound
examples include: glycogen, lipids, pigments, crystals
55
Epidemiology
the science that deals with the why when where a disease occurs and how they are transmitted in a human community
56
Metaplasia
the transformation of one cell type into another
57
Progeny
offspring or descendants
58
Proteomics
the study of proteome (all of an organisms proteins)
59
Chromosome
SINGLE double stranded DNA molecule
carrier of genetic info
60
Autosome
an ordinary chromosome
one that does not determine sex
61
Locus
the position of a gene on its chromosome
62
Telomere
DNA sequences at the tips of chromosomes
protect the tips from erosion
prevent chromosomes from sticking to each other
\*telomeres of most body cells shorten with each cycle of cell division
63
Gametic number
the number of chromosomes in gametes
denoted by the letter “n”
64
Somatic number
the number of chromosomes in ordinary body cells
denoted by 2n (twice the gametic number)
65
The cell cycle consists of which two phases
interphase
mitotic phase
66
Interphase
three phases: G1, S, and G2 phases
67
In the cell cycle, DNA replication occurs during which phase of interphase?
S phase
68
Replications of DNA and centrosomes occurs during ______ phase.
S phase of interphase
69
Mitotic phase consists of which stages
Prophase
Metaphase
Anaphase
Telophase
70
Prophase
chromatin fibers change into chromosomes
nucleolus and nuclear membrane disappear
centrosomes migrate to poles
71
Metaphase
Centromeres of chromatid pairs line up at metaphase plate
72
Anaphase
chromatid pairs split at the centromere and move to opposite poles of the cell
chromatids are now called chromosomes
73
Telophase
nucleolus and nuclear membrane reappear
chromosomes now in their chromatin form
mitotic spindle disappears
74
Cytokinesis
division of the cells cytoplasm
usually begins in late anaphase
the plasma membrane constricts at its middle forming a cleavage furrow
75
Interphase begins when ______ is complete
cytokinesis
76
Crossing over occurs when
Prophase 1
77
Meiosis 1 is a ______ \_\_\_\_\_\_
reductive division
similar to mitosis except chromosomes form tetrads when lining at metaphase plate
78
Allele
alternative forms of a gene
code for the same trait (e.g. eye color)
located on the same location on the homologous chromosome
79
Genotype vs. Phenotype
the genetic makeup
vs.
the genetic expression
80
Regarding ABO typing, the naturally occurring antibody production is stimulated by \_\_\_\_\_\_?
Environmental factors
\*this is not the case for the Rh or D antibody
81
Forward typing (blood)
mixing A, B, D antibodies to look for agglutination
\*what we do
82
Achondroplasia
a bone grown disorder responsible for dwarfism
\*disproportional body parts
\*other proportional shortness is likely associated with a hormonal or nutritional disorder
83
Aneuploidy
when an individual is born with added or missing chromosomes
84
Trisomy
an additional chromosome
\*trisomy 21- downs syndrome
85
Erythroblastosis fetalis
Hemolytic death of the newborn
86
Which is the only class of antibody to cross the placental barrier?
IgG
87
Spermatogenesis produces sperm containing either an ______ or a \_\_\_\_\_\_
X chromosome
Y chromosome
88
Oocytes only produce \_\_\_\_\_\_.
X chromosomes
89
Sex linkage is synonymous with ______ linkage because why?
X linkage
there are not many genes on the Y chromosome
90
Characteristic feature of X linked inheritance is what?
absence of father to son inheritance
\*all daughters of an affected male are obligate carriers
91
Nondisjunction
the failure of chromosome pairs to separate properly during mitosis
92
Karyotype; 47, XX, 21
female with trisomy 21
93
\_\_\_\_\_\_ during pregnancy increases the risk for downs syndrome.
Increased age
\*amongst other genetic abnormalities
94
What is the most common human _sex_ chromosome disorder?
Klinefelters syndrom
Karyotype; 47, XXY
95
What are the 5 types of cell junctions?
Tight
Adherens
Desmosomes
Hemidesmosomes
Gap
96
Tight Junction
consist of weblike strands of transmembrane proteins
fuse together outer surfaces of adjacent cells
seal off passageways
location: places where you don't want things to leak out (e.g. bladder)
97
Name this junction
Tight Junction
98
Adherens junction
contain plaque: dense layer of proteins on the inside of the cell membrane that attaches to both membrane proteins and microfilaments
cadherins: transmembrane proteins that join cells; inserts into the plaque from the opposite side of the plasma membrane and reaches across the intercellular space to attach to other cadherins
help resist separation during contractile activities such when food moves through intestines
99
Name this junction
Adherens Junction
100
Gap Junction
membrane proteins called connexins form tiny fluid filled tunnels called connexons
connect to neighboring cells and allow passage of certain things from one cell to another
cells connected by gap junctions are not fused together tightly but have a very slight intercellular gap
heart cells, avascular tissue such as lens and cornea
101
Name this junction
Gap Junction
102
What does desmo- mean?
band (desmosome)
103
Hemidesmosomes
Half a desmosome however:
integrins rather than cadherins
DONT attach cells to cells
attach cells to basement membranes
104
Name this junction
Hemidesmosome
105
Desmosomes
Similar to adherens junctions except:
cadherins attach to intermediate filaments of cytoskeleton
these intermediate filaments extend across the cell to desmosomes on the other side
prevent cells from separating under tension such as cardiac muscle contraction
106
Name this junction
Desmosome
107
What are the 4 basic types of tissue?
epithelial
connective
nervous
muscle
108
Basement membrane
found between epithelial and connective tissue
consists of basal lamina (epithelial side) and reticular lamina (connective side)
109
Functions of epithelial tissue
Absorption
Excretion
Filtration
Protection
Secretion
110
Epithelial shape similar to “paving stone”
Squamous
111
How is epithelial tissue named if different shape are present in the layers?
by the apical layer (outer most layer)
112
Simple cuboidal epithelium is often found where?
lining the tubules of the kidneys
glands
\*single layer
113
Goblet cells secret ______ and are what shape and arrangement?
mucous
simple columnar cells
114
Pseudostratified cells
all attach to the basement membrane but not all the cells extend to the apical surface
115
Keratinized vs. Nonkeratinized
Keratinized stratified squamous cells do NOT contain nuclei
116
Stratified cuboidal epithelium is located where?
ducts of sweat glands
esophageal glands
117
Transitional epithelium
change shape depending on the tissues state of stretch
the apical “dome cells” (appear rounded) are an identifiable feature when relaxed
118
Where is mesothelium found?
serous membranes (pericardium, pleura, peritoneum)
119
Endothelium is specialized simple squamous epithelium that lines \_\_\_\_\_\_\_.
the entire circulatory system
120
Exocrine glands typically have \_\_\_\_\_.
Ducts
121
Endocrine glands secrete into the ______ space. The secretions then ______ to the blood stream.
extracellular
diffuse
122
Endocrine glands do not contain \_\_\_\_\_\_.
Ducts
123
What are the three types of exocrine glands?
Apocrine
Holocrine
Merocrine
124
Merocrine secretion
most common type
gland releases its secretion by exocytosis
\*salivation
125
Apocrine secretion
glands bud their sections off of the plasma membrane
\*breast milk production
126
Holocrine secretion
the entire cell lyses, releasing its secretions
\*sebum
127
Connective tissue
few cells
extracellular matrix
128
What is the extracellular matrix of connective tissue made of?
ground substance (think jello in a jello mold)
protein fibers
usually produced by blast cells
129
Connective tissue cells arise from \_\_\_\_\_\_.
mesenchymal cells (embryonic connective tissue aka stem cells)
130
Regarding connective tissue, *mature* cells have a reduced or absent capacity for ______ and \_\_\_\_\_\_.
cell division
matrix production
131
Connective tissue picture for familiarity
132
What is the most common cell in the connective tissue?
Fibroblasts
migrate throughout the connective tissue and secrete fibers and ground substance
133
How do macrophages move?
they use filopodia: short branch projections that contain actin
134
Kupffer cells
Liver
135
Langerhans cells
skin and lymph nodes
136
Osteoclasts are considered ______ and are located where.
macrophages
in the bone
137
Dust cell
lungs
aka alveolar machrophage
138
Monocytes
“blood macrophages”
\*become macrophages when they migrate into surrounding tissues; also enlarge
139
Microglia
CNS
140
Macrophages migrate to areas of need, responding to \_\_\_\_\_\_.
leukocytes
141
Plasma cells
found mostly in connective tissue especially the GI and Resp. tracts
develop from B lymphocytes
secret antibodies
accumulate in infected tissue
142
3 types of loose connective tissue
areolar
adipose
reticular
143
Loose connective tissue characterized by \_\_\_\_\_\_
loosely woven collagen fibers
144
Areolar CT
forms the subcutaneous layer attaching the skin to underlying tissues
145
Adipose CT
well vascularized
usually collocated with areolar
adipocytes (signant ring shaped) produced from fibroblasts
\*other common sense functions
146
Reticular CT
form stroma of liver, spleen, liver
fine interlacing reticular fibers
filtering
147
Dense connective tissue
dense regular AND dense irregular AND elastic
fibers are thicker and more densely packed
148
Dense regular CT
fibers regularly arranged in parallel patterns
tensile strength along an axis
tendons, aponeuroses, ligaments
149
Dense irregular CT
fibers are abundant but not arranged in symmetrical or parallel fashion
pulling forces exerted in various directions: heart valves, nerve sheaths, periosteum, dermis
150
Mucous membranes
open to exterior
goblet cells
cells connected by tight junctions
underlying lamina propria (areolar)
151
Serous membranes consist of areolar CT covered by \_\_\_\_\_\_.
mesothelium (simple squamous)
152
Synovial membranes
similar to serous membranes BUT they do not have an epithelial layer
line the cavities of freely moveable joints
153
Synovial membranes are composed of:
synoviocytes (secrete synovial fluid)
underlying layer of areolar and adipose CT
\*NO epithelial layer
154
Marfan syndrome
connective tissue disorder
autosomal dominant trait
fibrillin gene is defective, results in abnormally developed elastic fibers]
affects periosteum, suspensory ligaments and walls of large arteries
affected individuals tend to be tall and have disproportionately long arms, legs, fingers, and toes
155
Define xeno-
strange
156
Xenotransplantation
replacement of diseased or injured tissue or organ with *cells or tissues* from an animal
157
The most prevalent disorders of connective tissues are \_\_\_\_\_\_.
autoimmune diseases
\*connective tissues are located everywhere
\*disorders of epithelial tissue are mainly specific to individual organs
158
Adventitia
loose connective tissue located around blood vessels
159
Mucous connective tissue
type of embryonic connective tissue
aka Wharton's jelly of the umbilical cord
high turgor: resists compression
160
Two types of embryonic connective tissue
mesenchyme
mucous connective tissue
161
Mesenchyme forms \_\_\_\_\_\_.
almost all other types of connective tissue
pluripotent stem cells
162
Reticular fibers
fine bundles of collagen coated with glycoprotein
much thinner than collagen and form a branching network
163
T/F
Columnar epithelium is common in the digestive tract?
True
164
Elastic fibers
made of elastin and fibrillin
located in areas where elasticity is needed
165
Collagen fibers
most abundant protein in the body
inelastic but flexible and incredibly strong
166
Three types of connective tissue fibers
collagen
elastic
reticular
167
Mast cells can be \_\_\_\_\_\_.
phagocytic
168
Mast cell primary mediators
stored in granules for immediate use
examples include histamine, heparin, chemotactic factors
169
Mast cell secondary mediators
can be synthesized on the spot and used immediately
examples include cytokines, thromboxanes, prostaglandins
170
Classification of connective tissue (CT)
171
Picture of a cell
172
Dorsal body cavity broken down into:
Cranial cavity
Vertebral canal
173
Thoracic cavity broken down into:
Pleural cavity
Mediastinum
Pericardial cavity
174
Site of protein synthesis in a cell:
Ribosomes
Small unit and large unit
175
Carcinoma
Malignant tumors that arise from epithelial cells
176
Elastic tissue has a ______ color due to the high number of elastic fibers.
Yellowish
