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APA 1122 > APA 1122 - Key Terms > Flashcards

APA 1122 - Key Terms Flashcards

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1
Q

Health:

A

a state of complete physical, mental and social well-being and not merely the absence of disease or infirmity

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2
Q

Public Health

A

The science and art of preventing disease;
prolonging life; and promoting physical health and mental health
and efficiency through organized community efforts toward a
sanitary environment; control of community infections,
education and hygiene; the organization of medical and nursing
service for the early diagnosis and treatment of disease; and the
development of social machinery to ensure capacity in the
community to maintain health Focus is on the entire population
* e.g., promoting hand washing, promoting helmet use, screening
for health problems, feeding programs for poorly-nourished

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3
Q

Global health

A

an area for study, research, and practice
that places a priority on improving health and achieving
equity in health for all people worldwide; global health
emphasizes transnational health issues, determinants, and
solutions, involves many disciplines within and beyond the
health sciences, and promotes interdisciplinary
collaboration; and is a synthesis of population based
prevention with individual-level clinical care.
* e.g. of issues: low birthweight, violence against women,
HIV/AIDS, heart disease increases

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4
Q

First World

A

Industrialized, capitalist countries that fall
within Western European and US sphere of influence (e.g.,
Canada, Japan); have market economies
~ parts of First World can have non-First World conditions
(e.g., Canada’s North, slums in the US)

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5
Q

The Global North:

A

Synonym for first world

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6
Q

Second World

A

those within the former Soviet Union’s
sphere of influence (e.g., Poland, Cuba); have planned
economies
~ term out of use since the end of the Cold War

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7
Q

Third World

A

low UN development index (parts of Africa,
Latin America, and Asia), have developing economies; term
disliked by many

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8
Q

Fourth World

A

lack industrial infrastructure, poorest Third World nations

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9
Q

Two-thirds World:

A

Indicates that the majority of countries in
the world are Third World countries

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10
Q

The Global South:

A

Synonym for Third, fourth and two thirds world

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11
Q

Developed and developing countries:

A

not a preciseterm – controversial, developed = relatively high income per capita, developing = relatively low
income

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12
Q

low income

A

: $995 or less

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13
Q

lower middle income

A

$996 to $3,896

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14
Q

upper middle income

A

$3,896 to $12,055

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15
Q

High income

A

$12,056 or above

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16
Q

Determinants of health:

A

Range of personal, social,
economic, and environmental factors that determine the health status of individuals or populations

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17
Q

Social determinants of health:

A

Specific group of social
and economic factors within the broader
determinants of health. These relate to an
individual’s place in society, such as income, education or employment. Experiences of discrimination, racism and historical trauma are important social determinants of health for certain
groups such as Indigenous Peoples, LGBTQ and Black Canadians

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18
Q

Social gradient

A

 “a term used to describe the phenomenon
whereby people who are less advantaged in terms of socioeconomic position have worse health (and shorter lives) than those who are more advantaged”

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19
Q

Personal health

A

refer to those actions by
which individuals can prevent diseases
and promote self-care and make choices
that enhance health.

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20
Q

Morbidity

A

sickness or any departure,
subjective or objective, from a
psychological or physiological state of
well-being

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21
Q

Mortality

A

death

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22
Q

Prevalence

A

number of people suffering
from a certain health condition over a
specified time period

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23
Q

Incidence

A

the rate at which new cases of
a disease occur in a population

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24
Q

Health-adjusted life expectancy (HALE

A

number of years a person of a given age can expect to live in good health, taking account of mortality and disability

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25
Disability-adjusted life year (DALY)
the sum of years lost due to premature death and years lived with disability (YLDs) Calculated by subtracting the age at which one die and ones life expectancy at that age
26
Risk factor
A factor that is known to be associated with health related conditions considered important to prevent
27
Demographic Divide
Highest-income countries have low fertility, declining populations, and aging populations Lowest-income countries have high- fertility, although it is slowly declining
28
THE DEMOGRAPHIC TRANSITION
 Shift in pattern of high fertility and high mortality to low fertility and low mortality, with population growth in between  Decline in mortality with improved hygiene and nutrition, followed by decline in fertility
29
THE EPIDEMIOLOGIC TRANSITION
 First, high and fluctuating mortality, related to poor health conditions, epidemics, and famine  Then, progressive decline in mortality as epidemics become less frequent  Finally, further declines in mortality, increases in life expectancy, and the predominance of noncommunicable diseases
30
Primary Care
first point of contact
31
secondary care
provided by some specialist physicians and general hospitals
32
tertiary care
Provided by an array of specialist physicians and specialized hospitals
33
Health sector expenditure
Total health expenditure as a share of GDP varies substantially across countries
34
Indirect Costs
expenses incurred from the cessation or reduction of work productivity as a result of the morbidity and mortality associated with a given disease.
35
Direct Costs
the costs associated with medical resource utilization: * Consist of consumption of in-patient, out-patient, and pharmaceutical services within the health care delivery system
36
Noncommunicable diseases
cannot be spread by an infectious agent, they last a long time, and they are often disabling and lead to death if not treated appropriately * Also referred to as chronic diseases and degenerative diseases
37
Ischemic heart disease:
a disturbance of the heart function due to inadequate supply of oxygen to the heart muscle
38
Communicable disease
synonymous with infectious disease; can be transmitted animal- animal, animal-human, or human-human; includes infectious and parasitic diseases
39
Case
an individual with a particular disease
40
Case fatality rate
the proportion of persons with a particular condition (cases) who die from that condition
41
Control (disease control):
reducing the incidence and prevalence of a disease to an acceptable level
42
Elimination (of disease)
Reducing the incidence of a disease in a specific area to zero
43
Emerging infectious disease
a newly discovered disease
44
Eradication (of disease)
termination of all cases of a disease and its transmission globally
45
Parasite:
an organism that lives in or on another organism and takes its nourishment from that organism
46
Reemerging infectious disease:
an existing disease that has increased in incidence, spread to new place, or has taken on new forms
47
Outbreak
noticeable, often small, increase over the expected number of cases of a disease in a small geographic area
48
Epidemic:
outbreak of disease that spreads quickly and affects many individuals at the same time. If it occurs over a large enough geographic area, it becomes a pandemic
49
Pandemic
the spread of a new disease over multiple countries or worldwide (WHO, 2020)
50
Perinatal :
first week of life
51
 Neonatal:
referring to the first month of life
52
Infant :
referring to the first year of life
53
Sex
biologically given; refers to a set of biological attributes in humans and animals; male, female, but variation
54
Gender:
Socially/culturally constructed roles, behaviours, expressions and identities of girls, women, boys, men, and
55
Transgender:
Individuals who have a gender identity or gender expression that differs from their sex assigned at birth.
56
Nonbinary
One term used to describe individuals who may experience a gender identity that is neither exclusively male or female or is in between or beyond both genders
57
Role theory:
Social expectations about status in society produces conformity to a role and its related functions
58
Obstetric fistula:
“an injury in the birth canal that allows leakage from the bladder or rectum into the vagina, leaving a woman permanently incontinent, often leading to isolation and exclusion from the family and community”; lack of emergency care and prolonged labour can contribute
59
Equality:
Giving everyone the same thing (e.g., Everyone gets $2,000 COVID-19 emergency benefit)
60
Equity:
Giving people what they need (for instance, people who were assigned male at birth do not usually need paps and people who were assigned female at birth do not usually need prostrate exams);
61
Inequality:
“differences in health status or in the distribution of health determinants between different population groups” —WHO
62
Health disparities:
“a type of difference in health that is closely linked with social or economic disadvantage” —CDC
63
Impairment:
A problem in body function or structure such as significant deviation or loss
64
Disability:
A complex phenomenon, reflecting an interaction between features of a person’s body and features of the society in which he or she lives.
65
Aboriginal
: First Nations, Inuit, and Metis
66
Indigenous
Current preferred term that replaces Aboriginal; used in international context, too
67
First Nations
a term used to describe Indigenous peoples of Canada who are ethnically neither Métis nor Inuit. This term came into common usage in the 1970s and ‘80s and generally replaced the term “Indian
68
Inuit
This term refers to specific groups of original peoples whose traditional territories are the far north of what is now known as Canada (singular: Inuk)
69
Métis:
The term refers to a collective of cultures and ethnic identities that resulted from unions between First Nations and European people in what is now Canada
70
Status Indian:
The term “Indian” refers to the legal identity of a First Nations person who is registered under the Indian Act. The term ”Indian” is offensive to many
71
Human rights:
“the rights one has because one is a human being” (Kidd & Donnelly, 2000, p. 132).
72
Apartheid:
Afrikaans word meaning separation; policy of racial segregation in South Africa (1948 – 1990)
73
Sex trafficking:
“The recruitment, harboring, transportation, provision, or obtaining of a person for the purposes of committing a sex act”
74
child soldier:
a person under the age of 18 who directly or indirectly participates in an armed conflict as part of an armed force or group
75
Disaster:
“any occurrence that causes damage, ecological destruction, loss of human lives, or deterioration of health and health services on a scale sufficient to warrant an extraordinary response from outside the affected community area”
76
Complex humanitarian emergency:
“complex, multi-party, intra-state conflict resulting in a humanitarian disaster which might constitute multi-dimensional risks or threats to regional and international security
77
Crude mortality rate:
the proportion of people who die from a population at risk over a specified period of time; Expressed per 10,000 population, per day
78
Immigrant
a person who comes to live permanently in a foreign country
79
Refugee:
“A person who has fled and is outside of his[/her] own country because of fear of persecution”
80
Internally displaced person:
Someone who is forced to flee his or her home, often due to persecution, war, natural disaster, or violence, but remains within his or her own country”
81
Healthy Immigrant Effect (H.I.E.):
Health status tends to be higher than most Canadians, yet over time declines and converges toward status of citizens born in Canada.
82
Sanitation:
“a sanitized word for the simple practice of dealing with human defecation. Sanitation can be used more broadly to include solid waste disposal”
83
Sociocultural strategies:
reflect an in-depth understanding of culturally normative practices and beliefs shared by the members of the targeted group
84
Constituent involving:
collaboration of target group members in the process of program and material development

APA 1122 (1 decks)

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