APA 3121 Flashcards
(188 cards)
1
Q
Development
A
- is a continuous process of change in functional capacity
- related to age
- involves sequential changes
2
Q
Motor development
A
continuous age-related process of change in movement and constraints that drive these changes
3
Q
motor learning
A
relatively permanent changes in motor skill capability associated with practice or experience
4
Q
motor control
A
study of the neural, physical, and behavioural aspects of mvt
5
Q
Physical growth
A
increase in size or body mass resulting from an increase in complete, already formed body parts
6
Q
physical maturation
A
qualitative advance in biological make-up, can refer to cell, organ, or system advancement in biochemical composition
7
Q
aging
A
process occurring with passage of time that leads to loss of adaptability or full function
8
Q
Newell’s constraint model
A
- to understand mvt we must consider individual, environmental, and tasks constraints relationships
- helps us identify: developmental factors affecting mvt, create appropriate tasks and environments, and understand individuals movers as different from group norms/avgs
9
Q
individual constraints
A
- unique physical and mental characteristics
- structural relate to body structure
- functional relate to behavioural function
10
Q
environmental constraints
A
- relate to the world around us
- global rather than task specific, can be physical or socio-cultural
11
Q
task contraints
A
the goals and rule structure of a movement or activity
12
Q
developmental trajectory
A
is the course of behaviour over time
13
Q
arrested development
A
is a failure to develop beyond a certain point of development
14
Q
longitudinal study
A
study where the same individual or group are observed performing the same tasks or behaviours on numerous occasions over a long period of time
15
Q
cross sectional study
A
different individuals of different ages are observed at the same point in time
16
Q
universality
A
we show great similarity in development in that we go through many of the same changes
17
Q
variability
A
any individual we observe is more likely to be above or below avg, or to achieve a milestone earlier or later than avg
18
Q
maturation perspective
A
believes that genetics are primarily responsible for motor development
very little effect from environment
19
Q
info processing perspective
A
described motor behaviour in terms of a computer like system that occur as a result of some external environmental input
20
Q
ecological perspective
A
stresses the interrelationships between the individual, enviro, and task
21
Q
maturation perspective (1930’s)
A
motor development is an internal process driven by a biological or genetic time clock
- the enviro may speed or slow process of change, but it cannot change one’s biological determined course
- believed development ended at the end of puberty
21
Q
normative descriptive period
A
- education more concerned with tests and norms
- described child’s average performance in terms of scores
- product over process
21
Q
biomechanical descriptive period
A
described skill mvt patterns of children across development
- identify the course of age related, sequential improvements in attaining efficient mvt patterns
21
Q
info processing (1970’s)
A
- brain acts like computer
- emphasis of formation of stimulus response bonds, feedback, and knowledge of results
- an executive function is thought to decide all actions, based on calculations of perceptual info
21
dynamical systems approach (ecological perspective)
- structural organization of your body encourages- constrains- you to walk
- body's structure removes some of the movement choices made my CNS
- coordinated behaviour is softly assembled
- body's systems do not develop at same rate
21
ecological perspective
- development of many systems rather than only one across a life span
- perception of the environment is direct, and muscles self- assemble into groups, reducing number of decisions needed to be made by higher brain powers
21
perception action approach
close interrelationship between perceptual and motor systems
22
rate limiter
individual constraint or system that holds back or slows emergence of motor skill bc it develops slower
22
affordance
act of perceiving the function that an object will allow, based on one's own body and on the object size, shape, etc.
22
genetic factors
drive a very orderly pattern of growth and aging
- we know what to expect
22
extrinsic factors
ex nutrition and disease
- outside factors affecting growth
23
prenatal development
growth begins the instant an egg and sperm fuse in fertilization
24
prenatal growth
embryonic growth- conception to 8 weeks
fetal growth- 8 weeks to birth
- growing embryos are very sensitive to extrinsic factors
25
embryonic development
4 weeks- the limbs begin to form and the heart beat begins
8 weeks - eyes, ears, mouth, fingers, and toes are formed
26
differentiation
process where in cells become specialized, forming specific tissues and organs
27
hyperplasia
increase in the absolute number of cells
28
hypertrophy
increase in the relative size of an individual cell
29
cephalocaudal (way of direction of growth)
head to toe
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proximodistal (second direction of growth)
torso towards the extremities
31
fetal nourishment
- most influential extrinsic factor on development
- diffusion of o2 and nutrients between fetal and mothers blood
- co2 and byproducts are carried away in mothers blood
- if nutrients and o2 are short in supply the mother and fetus compete for resources
32
abnormal development
genetic abnormalities are inherited
-can be immediately apparent or can be undetected into postnatal growth
33
extrinsic factors of abnormal development
- drugs or chemicals in mothers blood
- viruses in mothers blood
- excessive pressure applied on mothers abdomen
34
congenital defects
present at birth, regardless of whether their causes were genetic or extrinsic
35
dominant disorders
one parent passes on a defective gene
36
recessive disorder
inherit a defective gene from both parents
37
genetic causes
- mutation reflects the changing or deletion of a gene during formation of egg or sperm cell
- can result in single or multiple malformations of an organ, limb, or body region
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taratogen
any drug or chemical agent that causes abnormal prenatal development upon exposure
38
other prenatal extrinsic factors
- extreme internal pressure
- extreme internal environmental temp
- exposure to xray or gamma rays
- changes in atmospheric pressure
-environmental pollutants
39
sigmoid curve
- roughly s shaped
- rapid growth after birth
- steady growth during childhood
- rapid growth during adolescence
- levels off into adulthood
40
sex diffs
girls begin adolescent growth spurt at around 9 and boys get it at around 11
41
age at takeoff
age at which rate of growth begins to increase
42
rate of growth (velocity)
refers to when individuals are growing rapidly or slowly
43
peak velocity
age at which someone is growing the fastest
44
weight
very susceptible to extrinsic factors
- muscle due to exercise
- fat tissue with diet and exercise
- disease or illness
45
relative growth
- body parts, tissues, and organs all have differential rates of growth
46
physiological maturation
development process leading to state of full function
47
secondary sex characteristics
aspects of form or structure appropriate to males or females, often used to assess physiological maturity in teens
48
catch up growth
relatively rapid physical growth of the body to recover some, or all potential growth lost during a period of negative extrinsic influence
- recovery of some or all of growth depends on timing and duration of negative environmental condition
49
skeletal system
defines an indviduals structure
50
muscular system
allows mvt of body
51
adipose system
plays a vital role in energy, storage, insulation, and protection
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endocrine system
exerts control over specific cellular functions through hormones
53
nervous system
controls mvt and speech
- site of thinking, analysis and memory
54
primary ossification centres
areas in the midportion of the shafts of the long bones
- fetal skeleton begins ossification from the centre outwards to form bone shafts
55
secondary ossification centres
areas near the end of bone shaft
- support bone growth in length
56
laying down new bone
- epiphyseal plate has many cellular layers
- cartilage cells form, grow, and align to leave new bone in place
- process of laying down new bone depends on blood supply
- once plates fuse, the length of the bone is fixed (most plates close by age 18 or 19)
57
appositional bone growth
involves the addition of new layers on previously formed layers
- periosteum is very thin outer covering of the bone
58
sarcomeres
contractile units of muscle cells
- muscle lengthening is result of addition and lengthening of sarcomeres
59
child hood muscular system
by year 1 the distribution of muscle fibre types is similar to adults
- boys add muscle mass until 17 - 54% bw
- girls add muscle mass until 13- 45% bw
60
heart tissue
- growth by hyperplasia and hypertrophy
- right ventricle is larger at birth
- left eventually catches up in growth
61
adipose system during prenatal period
- adipose tissue appears in fetus at 3.5 months
- increases rapidly during the last 2 prenatal months
62
adipose during childhood
- cell size does not significantly increase until puberty
- rapid increase in fat- 6 months post birth
- gradual increase in fat mass until 8
63
distribution of fat
- internal fat increases faster than subcutaneous until 6-7
- boys add more subcutaneous fat to their trunks, girls add more to trunk and limbs
64
endocrine during prenatal
- regulation of hormones occur through convoluted collab among maternal, fetal, and placental endocrine system
65
endocrine during childhood
- regulation of hormones involves interaction of hormones, genes, nutrients, and environmental factors
- excess of hormones may disturb normal process of growth/development
66
growth hormone (GH)
- under control of NS, it is secreted by anterior pituitary gland
- body needs this hormone for normal growth after birth
67
thyroid hormones
- triodothyronine (T3)
- tetraidothronine (T4)
- calcitonin
- pituitary gland secretes thyroid-stimulating hormone that regulates hormones secreted by the thyroid gland
- thyroid stimulating hormone is then increased by a releasing factor found in hypothalamus
68
gonadal hormones
- stimulating development of 2nd sex characteristics and sex organs
- androgens from sex organs and from adrenal cortex, fasten the fusion of growth plates
-testosterone helps growth spurt by increasing nitrogen retention and protein synthesis
- estrogen promotes fat accumulation
69
insulin
vital to carb metabolism, stimulates the transpo of glucose and AA's through membranes
- needed for full function of GH
- insulin deficiency can decrease protein synthesis
70
NS during prenatal period
- genetics direct development of structure/main circuits
- extrinsic factors fine tune the trillions of connections
71
cell body
carries out functions to keep the cell alive
72
dendrites
receive impulses from the other neurons
73
axon
transmits impulses to another neuron, gland, or organ/muscle
74
influences on neurons
- migration and branching of neurons can be affected by fetal nourishment
- nicotine, alcohol, malnutrition, etc.
- NS is highly susceptible of teratogenic exposure during prenatal period
75
NS during Childhood
- rapid early growth reflects an increase in neuron size, branching of synapses, and increase in glia and myelin
- first postnatal year is one of prolific synaptic formation
76
glia
cells of the NS that support and nourish the neurons
77
myelin
insulating sheath around the axons
78
environmental influences on the NS
- poor nutrition (stunts brain growth)
- injury (ex. left side of cerebral cortex damage leads to language deficits)
- early life experiences (raised with more stimulation, children grow more synapses/ connections
- learning (areas of the brain corresponding to fq used body parts expand as the synaptic connections and pathways that are stimulated are strengthened
79
brain structures
- SC/lower structures are more advanced at birth
- lower structures mediate many reflexes/reactions
- evidence of goal directed mvt occurs at 3-5 months
- frontal cortex is fully developed at 25
80
infantile reflexes
involuntary, stereotypical response to a specific stimuli
- controlled by subcortical areas
- estimated 27 major reflexes (supressed by 6 months of age)
81
random/spontaneous mvts
infants' mvts that occur without any apparent stimulation
82
importance of reflexes
survival advantages (rooting reflex and sucking reflex)
- protection mechanism (moro reflex)
- general neurological status/maturity
83
primitive reflexes
associated with the infants instinct for survival and protection
- most are functional prenatally
- supressed by 3-4 months post natal
84
postural reactions
provide infant w ability to react to gravitational forces and changes in equilibrium
85
locomotor reflexes
ressemble later voluntary mvts (climbing, walking, swimming)
- supressed by 5-6 months
86
sucking reflex
- response is seen at 4 months
- elicited by touch of lips
- supressed by 6-9 months
87
rooting reflex
- activated by touch of cheek
- causes infant to turn its head towards the stimulus in search of food
- until 9 months post natal
88
moro reflex
- response to startle or begins to fall
- arms and legs outwards, and hands and fingers spread
- disappears by month 3
89
startle reflex
- appears at about 7 months
- flexion of arms and legs
- opposition of moro (extension)
90
palmar grasp
- fingers minus the thumb fold tightly around an object ]
- present by month 7 fetal
- weakens by 4 months old
- replaced by voluntary grasping or manual control
91
tonic neck
- asymmetric and symmetric
- appears 7 months fetal and disappears by month 5 of age
92
babkin reflex
- elicited by providing pressure to both palms, which causes the infant to exhibit: open mouth, eyes closed, and neck flexes
- present at birth until 3rd post natal month
93
babinski reflex
- stimulating sole of foot
- causes infant to fan out and extend toes
- suppressed by month 4
94
plantar grasp
- toes contact or flex as if trying to grasp an object
- persists through first year of life
95
postural reactions
- helps infant maintain posture in a changing environment
- appear at 2 months old
- disappear either late first or early second year
96
head and body righting
- foundation for future rolling mvts
- appear around 2nd month and are suppressed by 6 months
- when turning head, the infant will turn its body in same direction
97
labyrinthine righting
- helps infant maintain an upright position
- appears around 2 months
98
pull up (postural reaction)
- involuntary attempt to stay upright
- place infant in upright sitting position while holding its hands and carefully tipping it backward or forward
- 3rd month- related to voluntary upright posture
99
parachute (postural reaction)
- 4th month it is present
- serves as protective and support mvts
- sudden downward mvt, being tilted from a balanced sitting position
100
locomotor reflexes
appear earlier than voluntary behaviours
- crawling, stepping, swimming
101
crawling reflex
- observed from birth
- suppressed by month 4
- necessary for development of muscle tone needed for voluntary crawling
102
stepping reflex
- hold infant upright w feet touching a flat surface, which will cause them to reflexively start walking
- suppressed by 4th month
103
swimming
- hold baby horizontally over water, infant responds by moving arms and legs in rhythm like swimming pattern
- suppressed by 4th month
104
purpose of reflexes
- structural- reflect the structure of the NS
- functional- exist for survival purposes
- applied- suggest a role of reflexes in future mvts
105
spontaneous mvts
- repetitive motions that appear in the absence of any known stimuli
- transitional behaviours because they are performed when some level of control over body parts is involved but not goat oriented actions
106
supine kicking
- mvts are rhythmical and coordinated
- coordination of kicks resembles activity of an adult walking step
107
stereotypies
refer to rhythmic flapping of arms and legs because of underlying stereotypical temporal structure of the mvt
- ex alternate leg kicking, arm waving with an object
108
motor milestones
fundamental motor skills, the attainment of which is associated with the acqusition of later voluntary mvts
109
locomotion
act of moving, of the capacity to move, from place to place
110
crawling
moving on hands and stomach `
111
early walking characteristics
- each step independent from the next
- short steps with little leg or hip extension
- steps with flat feet
- no trunk rot.
- arms and hands carried in bent position
112
creeping
moving on hands and knees
113
proficient walking patterns
- increase stride length
- greater force and leg extension
- double knee lock pattern
- trunk rotation
114
early running
- wide base of support
- flat footed landing
- leg extension at mid support
- high arm guard
115
proficient running
- stride length increase
- rear leg fully extended on takeoff
- heel is tucked close to butt
- on foot strike thigh comes parallel to the ground
- everything kept in forward backward plane
116
component approach
follow each separate body part through wtv number of steps account for the qualitative changes observed over time
116
whole body approach
describes all characteristic positions of various body components in a step
117
ballistic skills
when a person applies force to an object to project in a certain direction
118
early kicking
- no step forward with non kicking leg
- kicking leg pushes forward at the ball
- knee is bent at contact
- no trunk rot.
- arms held stationary at sides
118
early overarm throwing
restricted to arm action alone
- no step into throw or use of trunk rot.
- throw is executed by elbow extension alone
119
early sidearm striking
- the child attempts to chop at the oncoming ball by extending elbow and using little leg/trunk action
120
early overarm striking
similar to pattern of overarm throwing and sidearm striking
121
proficient overarm striking
- pelvis and spine rotates more than 90 degrees
- elbow is held at an angle between 90-119 degrees at start of forward mvt
- lets the racket lag behind the arm during the forward swing
122
power grip
- infant squeezes object against palm without thumb opposition
123
precision grips
opposite of power grips
124
body sclaing`
adapting characteristics of the task or environment to the overall body size or relative to a body component
125
reaching
infants make a transition in the first year from random arm mvts to reaches that allow them to grasp objects
126
bimanual reaching
skill movers know how to use two hands when grasping objects that are too large for one and hand, and they can use both hands to complement eachother
127
controlling the arm
infants learn by doing
- they adjust the tension in the arms and apply muscle activity to get the hand close to the toy
- by repetition infants found more efficient and consistent reaching patterns
128
postural control
- infants sit independently by 6-7 months
- reaching improves when infants are able to maintain postural control
128
129
perception
multistage process that takes place in the brain and includes selecting, processing, and organizing info received from the senses
130
sensation
neural activity triggered by a stimulus that activates a sensory receptor and results in sensory nerve impulses traveling the sensory nerve pathways to the brain1
131
myopia
near sightedness
- light focus in front of retina
images far away are blurry
`
132
early visual development
- low number of synaptic connections
- poor control of eye muscles
- short and fat eyeballs
- low number of photoreceptors
- poor ability to modify lens shape
132
astigmatism
many focal points of light
133
hyperopia
farsightedness
- light focus behind the retina
- images close up are blurry
133
visual acuity
refers to sharpness of light
134
presbyopia
the gradual loss of the ability to focus on near objects
134
preferential looking
technique in which two stimuli are presented to a subject who turns and looks for their preferred stimulus
135
glaucoma
group of conditions caused by build up aqueous liquid in the eye putting pressure on the optic nerve
136
visual disturbances
cataracts
glaucoma
age related maculopathy
137
cataracts
clouding of typically clear eye lens
138
maculopathy
disease affecting the central area of the retina that provides detailed vision
139
depth perception
persons judgement of distance from self to an object or place in space
140
retinal disparity
difference in the images received by the two eyes as result of their different locations
141
motion parallax
change in optical location for objects at different distances during viewer motion
142
optic flow
change in pattern of optical texture, transformation of the optic array
143
figure and ground perception
ability to see an object of interest as distinct from the background
144
whole and part perception
ability to discriminate parts of a picture or an object from the whole, perceiving them simultaneously
145
perception of distance
we must perceive an object has constant size even though it may vary in distance from us
146
shape constancy
is the perception of an actual object shape despite its orientation to a viewer
147
habituation
STATE OF HAVING ADAPTED TO A STIMULUS
148
developmentalist view
saw perception as a precursor to both mvt and cognition
- proposed children with learning disabilities had deficits in perceptual development
149
perceptual motor programs
designed for young children for groups with a characteristic deficiency
150
ecological view
- holds that newborn infants perceives the environment and many of its properties before the onset of purposeful mvts
151
affordances
actions or behaviours provided for or permitted to an individual by places, objects, and events in an environment
152
socialization
process by which individuals acquire the beliefs and behaviours of the society and subgroup in which they live in
153
culture
subset of society, and is the collection of specific attitudes and behaviours that characterize an identifiable group of people
154
brofenbrenner's ecological systems
microsystem- immediate interactions of the child
mesosystem- interactions between components of the microsystem
exosystem- external settings that indirectly affect the child
macrosystem- broader cultural and societal influences
155
patrens categories of play
solitary- 3 months to 2 years
onlooker- 2- 3 years
parallel- 3-3.5
associative- 3.5 5
cooperative- 5+ years
156
developmental coordination disorder
affects 1 in 20 children
problems with motor coordination that make everyday tasks difficult and frusturatingq
157
DSM
Handbook providing healthcare professionals with descriptions, symptoms, and other criteria for diagnosing mental disorders
158
diagnosing dcd
motor functioning is well below that expected for the childs age
- problems in functioning had limitations to activities of daily living, and negatively affected school performance
159
causes of dcd
- possibly in utero or soon after birth
-
160
areas associated with dcd
- poor postural control and problems with both static and dynamic balance
- poor sensorimotor coordination
- problems with motor learning
161
cerebellum
- vital role in motor coordination and postural control
- automatization processes: allows one to focus on a task while the other mvts necessary for coordinated action occur with little or no conscious attention
162
parietal lobe
- problems with visuospatial reasoning and deficits in motor planning that involve motor imagery
163
perinatal risks
- low birth weight
- preterm birth
- damage to developing brain
- low levels of oxygen in body tissues
164
dimensions of participation
types of activities
intensity of participation
places of participation
people who are participating with
165
formal activities
structured, have rules and organization, involve leaders and often require preplanning
166
informal activities
reading, talking on the phone, more spontaneous and occur with less planning and far less rules
167
Perceived efficacy and goal setting system (PEGS)
enables young children to self report their perceived competence in everyday activities
168
preference for activities of children (PAC)
measures preference to participate in activities regardless of actual participation in the given activity
168
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