APA2302 midterm review Flashcards

Question

What are 3 weaknesses of conflict theory?

Answer 1

All social life is not “economically determined” Does not place enough emphasis on gender, race & ethnicity, age, & other factors in social life Is often so concerned about conflict, does not see where creativity exists, where play exists, where the joys of sport (and arguably aspects of capitalism) exist

Answer 2

At its core, critical theories are focused on power and inequality, and challenge us to question why things are the way they are Nothing is “normal”, normalcy is a construct Much of this theoretical perspective started with language Language is not absolute, or natural; it is socially and culturally constructed

Answer 3

Critical theory challenges grand narratives of society; Male dominance (patriarchy) White superiority Ableism History—as if there is only one correct history We can extend this way of thinking about “what is normal” to all aspects of our social world; Rational world vs irrational: who defines rational? Civilized vs uncivilized? Western supremacy, inferior other—the east

Answer 4

Struggles over the organization & meaning of sports The narratives and images people use to construct and give meaning to sports Whose voices and perspectives are used in narratives about sports in society How dominant narratives, images, and power relations can be disrupted to promote progressive change

Answer 5

Culture is the “symbolic forms and the everyday practices through which people express and experience meaning” (Hall et al., 1991, p. 31) Cultural studies have two main influences: Antonio Gramsci and his perspectives on power, most notably idea of hegemony Hegemony offers new ways of thinking of resistance, human agency and coercion Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies Interested not only in “high” culture (literature, arts, etc.) but also “mass” culture (popular music, television, sport, etc.)

Answer 6

“domination by a group where their beliefs, expectations, values, worldview become the norm” (Krane, 2018, p. 243) * Succeeds because the status quo is not questioned (‘common sense’) * Combination of coercion from dominant group and consent of subordinate group

Answer 7

Critical feminist theory interrogates the very idea of gender What are gender norms? What are the power structures that perpetuate these norms and why? Social life is pervasively gendered Sports are gendered activities grounded primarily in the values and experiences of men with power and influence Research focuses how sports reproduce gendered ideas and practices related to physicality, sexuality, and the body Those who use them study: How sports are involved in the production of ideas about masculinity and femininity How women are represented in media coverage of sports Strategies used by women to resist or challenge dominant gender ideology

Answer 8

Centralizing race, while recognizing its relationship with other forms of oppression Challenging dominant ideologies (objectivity, color-blindness, race-neutrality, meritocracy, etc.) Concerned with justice and transformation For those studying sport, this is valuable: Construction of whiteness as natural, non-raced? Constructions of performance based racial expectations Racism in sport Sport as a platform for racial justice?

Answer 9

Analyzes disability as a cultural, historical, political, and social phenomenon Focuses on disrupting power relations Social justice lens Uncover and describe constructions of disability, and investigate the impacts of these constructions Those who use this perspective ask; How are sport systems ableist? What are societal, structural, etc. barriers for participation in disability sport?

Answer 10

“Just as the dominant class writes history, that same class writes the story of sport” Explains the multitude of sport “histories” different locations, cultures, time periods, personal experiences, etc. Power = influence over society, including sport Power must be investigated to understand the variety of sporting experiences

Answer 11

Olympia, Nemea, Delphi and Isthmia

Answer 12

* Naturalistic – people should be balanced between body and mind * Antinaturalistic – the mind is of main importance, the body holds it back

Answer 13

* Dualism * Separation of our existence into two components - mind and body For the Greeks: mind and body were important – work to develop the mind and a fit physique

Answer 14

* Concern for one’s total welfare is central * For the Greeks: concerned about their existence as humans, much like we are today, less spiritual than other times in history (middle ages, for instance)

Answer 15

* Greeks saw their Gods as idealized forms of human existence * Aesthetically perfect images/depictions of masculinity and femininity, for instance * Physical activity was a way for people to look like their gods

Answer 16

Plato was Socrates’ student * Both subscribed to dualism, where the mind was more important. and the body held the mind back from its potential * Therefore, focus on knowledge and intelligence over physical training? * However, Plato also advocated for a more balanced curriculum (and they were athletes) * “gymnastics for the body and music for the soul” * Aristotle – student of Plato * The body was a valid source of knowledge * Athletics were important because healthy body = healthy mind, gymnastics were necessary

Answer 17

concept that refers to excellence of any kind (athletic, intellectual, spiritual, etc.), moral virtue, and the full realization of potential * Arete is not something to achieve – it is the striving for excellence/virtue that sets it apart * Defined slightly differently depending on location (i.e. Sparta – military excellence)

Answer 18

a meeting place where athletic events are held, evolved over time to include art, music, poetry, etc.

Answer 19

importance of developing mind and body in harmony with one another (from early Ionic Athenians)

Answer 20

ATHENS * Culture, architecture, home to philosophers, artists, etc. * Education through the physical * By participating in physical education, Athenians developed other virtues * Education was the responsibility of the family * Out of shape body = poor education * Athenian gymnasiums, lavish SPARTA * Military power * Physical training (education of the physical) * Training was purely for military purposes * Education was responsibility of the state, focused on discipline, obedience * Only the fittest babies were allowed to live, children began training at 7 years old * Functional facilities

Answer 21

* Evolved from competitions of other eras (Myceanean era, Crete, Phoenicians) * Mythical origins (Achilles, Odysseus) * Cult of honouring the dead – “Funeral Games” and linked to religion * Cult of honouring fertility (Demeter, goddess of fertility) * Organized as military training * Inherent urge for competition

Answer 22

* Olympic Games * Pythian Games * Isthmian Games * Nemean Games the periodos Athletes competed in all four over the four-year cycle * If you won your event at all competitions, you were the periodonike

Answer 23

First held in 776 BC * Held every four years to honour Zeus * Held at Olympia * Winner awarded a garland of olive branch

Answer 24

* Second most important Crown Games (following the Olympics) * Held in the temple of Apollo near Delphi, every four years, late summer * Started in 582 BC * Dedicated to Apollo, the God of Fine Arts * Initially a music festival, then added sport * Women were allowed to participate in later years * Winner was crowned a garland of laurel

Answer 25

Held every two years (right before and right after the Olympics) at a temple near Corinth * Held in honour of Poseidon, God of the Sea * Started in 581 BC * Three age groups * Women participated later on * Artistic competitions were included * Winner was crowned a garland of pines

Answer 26

* Held at a temple for Zeus in Nemea * Started 8 years after the Isthmian Games * Dorian culture (not panhellenic) * Competition between nemean and isthmian games – held every two years in the same year * Victor awarded a garland of wild celery

Answer 27

* Greek sport focused on men and boys competing * In Sparta, women did train for the purposes of bearing healthy children (Athenians did not approve!) * Women could “participate” in chariot races if they were rich enough * Heraian Games * Honoured Goddess Hera, included footraces and some dancing * Used the stadia in Olympia but races were shorter * Organized by 16 women, held after the Olympics

Answer 28

* Theagenes of Thasos, boxer (won 1,000 + bouts) * Milo of Croton, wrestler (6 Olympic titles, 26 titles at other Crown Games) * Leonidas of Rhodes, runner (multiple Olympic wreaths in different categories) * Gaius Appuleius Diocles, chariot racing (won 1,000+ times and a lot of money!)

Answer 29

race in full armour

Answer 30

* First and foremost a sacred event – the “sacred” games * Held in honour of Zeus * Occurred in Olympia (sanctuary of Olympia), within the city-state of Elis * Origin is attributed to 776 BC * Recorded evidence beginning at that time * Lack of alternative date

Answer 31

* Sacred treaty or pact ensuring safe passage * NOT an Olympic truce

Answer 32

Elis and Pisa constantly fought over it Pisa controlled the Games in 748, 644, and 364 BC

Answer 33

The games were organized and refereed by local officials called hellanodikai * Only one until 584 BC, then eventually grew to 12

Answer 34

* Held during full moon following summer solstice, (second half of July or August) * Means of counting the years

Answer 35

* The Games started with one day and one event (the stadion race) and ultimately grew over time to 5 days. No new events added after 200 BC * 40,000 spectators from all over Greece and overseas colonies

Answer 36

* Five-day schedule started at the beginning of the 5th Century BC * Day 1: Opening ceremonies, boys’ competitions, contests for heralds and trumpeters * Day 2: The interesting stuff – four-horse chariot race, horse racing, pentathlon * Day 3: Religious ceremonies, sacrifices, and feast * Day 4: More interesting stuff – foot races, boxing, wrestling, pankration * Day 5: Closing ceremonies

Answer 37

* Stadion race (1 length of the stadion, or stadium) * 600 feet, roughly = 180 meters * The Games were named after the winner * Only event included in all Ancient Olympic Games

Answer 38

* Additional foot races: * 724 BC: The diaulos (2 lengths of the stade) * 720 BC: The dolichos (8-24 lengths of the stade) * Longest race in Greek agonistics * Varied in length, but typically 20-24 lengths (about 3 miles or 4.8km) * 520 BC: Hoplitodromos (footrace in armor, same distance as diaulos) * Coincided with timeframe when city-states needed big armies

Answer 39

a sort of starting gate for the runners * Runners were punished (flogged) for false start

Answer 40

* Pentathlon * Consisted of 5 events: long jump, discus throw, javelin, stade race, wrestling * Wrestling * Both added in 688 BC * 680 BC: Chariot Racing, and 648 BC: Horseback Racing (hippic races) * 648 BC: Pankration * Mixture of boxing and wrestling * Boxing

Answer 41

specialized coach

Answer 42

* Winners received modest prizes, but were showered with gifts upon their return home à prestige and honour * “the second goes home in shame” * Stele could be sculpted in winner’s honour and kept in the temple area * Zanes statues to memorialize the shame of some participating

Answer 43

Cyniska of Sparta, Spartan Princess Milo of Croton, wrestler Leonidas of Rhodes, runner Theagenes of Thasos, boxer (and other sports, too!)

Answer 44

* 2 main theories: 1. Professionalization of the Games 2. Influence of the Roman Empire * Both are questionable; * No real distinction between professional/amateur in ancient Greece * Games were held for 500+ years under Roman rule

Answer 45

* Due to the rise of Christianity * Games were seen as sacrilegious due to worship of pagan gods * Games activities were seen as outside the realm of Christian morality * Unclear which Christian emperor of Byzantium ended the Games * Byzantium = late Roman empire (late antiquity through middle ages) * Earthquakes in Pelopponesia in 522 and 551 AD damaged and covered much of what was left of Olympia

Answer 46

the events they competed in the structure of the events the olympic truce spectacle, social event, heroism the torch relay

Answer 47

ancient greek boxing

Answer 48

■ Roman Republic 500 BC onward ■ Roman era of Ancient Greece began in 146 BC ■ Roman Empire established 27 BC – 476 AD ■ Greek influence on Ancient Roman Empire – Nero, emperor 54-68 AD – LOVED Greece, arts, literature, poetry, etc. – Lavish, rich life – Competed in the Olympic Games in 67 AD

Answer 49

Ancient Greece ■ Cultural genius, focus on arts, education, etc. ■ Aesthetic, abstract, harmonious approach to life ■ Human-like Gods (e.g., Zeus) Ancient Rome ■ Few philosophical, scientific developments ■ Incredible civil engineers ■ Pragmatic, utilitarian, results-oriented ■ Human-like Gods, similar to Greek ones with different names (e.g., Jupiter) ■ Romans who liked Greek sport were typically wealthy and literate classes – Late republic and early empire

Answer 50

Claudius Galen – One of the first to practice sports medicine, incorporated biomechanics ■ Studied under certain philosophical schools at the time, became well-versed in the healing arts, drugs, surgical techniques ■ Reputation for his ability to treat Gladiators ■ Believed that “the best gymnastic exercises of all are those which not only exercise the body but also bring delight to the mind”; believed Greek athletics more beneficial then Roman approach

Answer 51

■ Physical education and activity was enjoyed by all citizens, ■ Ball games based on throwing and catching were popular ■ Roman baths (thermae) ■ Mild exercise was popular, not vigorous activity like in Greece ■ Roman Empire – Sport evolved into large spectacles and events of debauchery and carnage – Wealthy Romans accepted PA for health, doctors became versed in suggesting health—related exercise

Answer 52

public games held for entertainment – Held in conjunction with or as feature of Roman religious festivals

Answer 53

Official sport events and spectacle hosted and paid for by the government – “Opiate of the masses” ■ Romans grew into a nation of spectators – professional athletes and slaves as participants; prisoners, others may have been forced to compete for entertainment ■ Many public holidays and festivals instituted by Roman emperors, many included spectacles and Games (by AD 300, 200 days were dedicated to public holidays)

Answer 54

Took place in the hippodrome (Circus Maximus was the largest)

Answer 55

In ancient Rome, munera were public works and events provided for the benefit of the Roman people by individuals of high status and wealth in honour of a specific person.

Answer 56

Hippodrome ■ Built around 6th C BC ■ 2000 feet by 600 feet (approx. 610m x 180m) ■ Upwards of 250,000 spectators ■ Last chariot race was in AD 599

Answer 57

free men who wanted to be gladiators

Answer 58

Pompeii and Capua

Answer 59

Gladiators – paradox in Ancient Rome – Admired by many for their skill and bravery – At the same time, ambivalent towards them

Answer 60

Growth of Christianity severely impacted sport ■ Not opposed to health of the body, but were opposed to the brutality of Roman spectacle – Christians may have been the victims of some entertainment/spectacle ■ Rise of Christianity put an end to Greek athletic festivals, gladiator combat, animal slaughters – Chariot racing remained

Answer 61

an underground chamber, specifically under the amphitheatre in ancient rome

Answer 62

orange shirt as a symbol of stripping away of culture, freedom, and self-esteem experienced by Indigenous children over generations Orange shirt day is an Indigenous-led grassroots commemorative day intended to raise awareness of the individual, family, and community inter-generational trauma of residential schools

Answer 63

Federal residential school system started in 1883, origins traced back to 1830s, linked to Anglican church Churches built schools specifically for Indigenous children since mid 1600s Federally-funded, church-run Operated for more than 160 years Peak in 1931 – 80 schools in operation Last school closed in 1996 in Saskatchewan

Answer 64

First Nations, Inuit, and Métis

Answer 65

Aboriginal sport and mainstream sport as two independent, parallel, equally legitimate sport systems which are connected at times through shared activities Separate choices for sporting activities are available to Indigenous participants, connectedness between the two systems

Answer 66

Residential school survivors Assembly of First Nations Inuit Representatives The Federal Government and Church bodies Mandate to inform all Canadians about what happened in residential schools

Answer 67

87. We call upon all levels of government, in collaboration with Aboriginal peoples, sports halls of fame, and other relevant organizations, to provide public education that tells the national story of Aboriginal athletes in history. 88. We call upon all levels of government to take action to ensure long-term Aboriginal athlete development and growth, and continued support for the North American Indigenous Games, including funding to host the games and for provincial and territorial team preparation and travel. 89. We call upon the federal government to amend the Physical Activity and Sport Act to support reconciliation by ensuring that policies to promote physical activity as a fundamental element of health and well-being, reduce barriers to sports participation, increase the pursuit of excellence in sport, and build capacity in the Canadian sport system, are inclusive of Aboriginal peoples. 90. We call upon the federal government to ensure that national sports policies, programs, and initiatives are inclusive of Aboriginal peoples, including, but not limited to, establishing: i. In collaboration with provincial and territorial governments, stable funding for, and access to, community sports programs that reflect the diverse cultures and traditional sporting activities of Aboriginal peoples. ii. An elite athlete development program for Aboriginal athletes. iii. Programs for coaches, trainers, and sports officials that are culturally relevant for Aboriginal peoples. iv. Anti-racism awareness and training programs. 91. We call upon the officials and host countries of international sporting events such as the Olympics, Pan Am, and Commonwealth games to ensure that Indigenous peoples’ territorial protocols are respected, and local Indigenous communities are engaged in all aspects of planning and participating in such events.

Answer 68

a Canadian Indian game from which lacrosse developed

Answer 69

Lacrosse was a first nations game for the creator, medicine game, spiritual meaning within communities

Answer 70

Fall of Western Roman Empire (476 AD) Dark Ages: 476 AD-900 -Organized sport and physical activity were virtually non-existent Middle Ages: 900-1400

Answer 71

Feudal Ecclesiastics (monks, priests, etc.) Knights, noblemen, lords Peasant-serfs Serfs “rented” their land from lords Rent and taxes in the form of agricultural products and services Long, arduous work days Some, very little, leisure times of Sundays after church

Answer 72

¡ Directly following fall of Western Roman Empire ¡ Dark, chaotic time ¡ People fled Rome and sought protection – walled cities and castles designed for protection ¡ Wars between knights and feudal armies ¡ Very little scientific, intellectual advancement

Answer 73

Emergence from the cultural, intellectual “darkness” Trade and commerce revived, a market economy emerged Metaphysical, philosophical questions emerged, people turned to religion -The church provided guidance and stability -Temples for Judaism, Mosques for those practicing Islam (common in middle East, Spain, Northern Africa) -Christianity was dominant in Europe in the Middle Ages

Answer 74

Roman Catholic Church aimed to convert everyone to Catholicism Inquisition – a religious movement designed to convert non-believers to Christianity, by force if necessary

Answer 75

Early medieval philosophies were built primarily on Plato and Aristotle Both were interested in concepts of Christianity – existence of the soul, belief in God, nature of being/existence, how people should live their lives Early Christian writers attempted to reconcile differences between Greek and Christian theology Tried to prove the existence of God using philosophy

Answer 76

Competing views of the body: If God is everywhere (including the body), then the body filled with God was good Early Christian church (monks), various streams of Roman Catholicism saw the body as vile and corrupt Inconsistent view of the body given these competing ideas

Answer 77

Ascetic dualism: belief that the human body should be denied pleasure in order to purify the soul Perspectives that the body was Godly were wiped out by the bubonic plague (14th C), suffering and death. The body = sin -Against “pleasures of the flesh” à no physical activity, education, etc.

Answer 78

Most Christians did not glorify the body, however the Scholastics did not abandon the body, saw value in physical activity Scholastics: group of medieval Christian thinkers who tried to harmonize Christian thought with that of classical era, drew on Aristotle’s work and support from those who saw the body as Godly and good. Saw value in physical activity, argued for a close relationship between mind-body instead of highlighting differences between the two ¡ Some prominent scholastics: St. Thomas Aquinas, Moses Maimonides, St. Bonaventure

Answer 79

ST. THOMAS AQUINAS Greatest of medieval Scholastics Embraced physical activity and recreation as a way to promote social and moral well-being MAIMONIDES ¡ Jewish philosopher and physician ¡ “nothing is more useful for the preservation of the health than physical exercise” BONAVENTURE ¡ The body does not imprison the soul but is a friend and companion, and therefore the individual exists as a natural union of body and soul

Answer 80

¡ Remember Galen? ¡ Greek physician of 2nd C. AD Rome ¡ Contributed significantly to understanding of anatomy and physiology ¡ Dissections! ¡ De Medicina ¡ From Hippocrates (ancient Greece): Four essential humors: blood, phlegm, black bile, yellow bile ¡ Balanced in a healthy body, predominantly is certain areas, and some more than others at certain times of life ¡ Root of medical treatment at the time

Answer 81

¡ Woven around 1070 AD, 20 inches wide, about 70 metres long ¡ Depicts events leading up to Norman conquest of England in 1066 ¡ Primary source of information about sporting activities in England during the Middle Ages ¡ Demonstrates numerous sporting activities – archery, hunting, hawking, fishing, fencing, jousting, etc.

Answer 82

Soule: ball game similar to modern day soccer, popular amongst peasants ¡ Indeterminate, but even # of men on each side ¡ Violent game where the goal was possession of a leather ball to score ¡ Often resulted in injury or loss of property ¡ Kegels: similar to bowling ¡ Eventually the church banned ball games like these due to violence and “immoral” behaviour

Answer 83

¡ Wealth of the aristocracy came from labour of others, so leisure time was for the rich, “the unique commodity of nobles” ¡ Distinction between recreation and leisure pursuits of different classes was a product of medieval social structure

Answer 84

¡ Jousting: ¡ Two mounted horsemen charged at each other with lances ¡ Melee: ¡ Hand-to-hand combat with dull swords ¡ Horseback or on foot

Answer 85

¡ Le jeu de paume ¡ A sort of handball/tennis played in an enclosure ¡ Spread across Europe, evolved over time to modern day

Answer 86

¡ Some sports and activities, yes ¡ Likely wealthy women ¡ Women spectated tournaments as well

Answer 87

The body was mortal and therefore little use for eternal salvation, therefore the best chance at salvation is to “rise above the body

Answer 88

¡ Transition from middle ages to modernity ¡ Renaissance = “rebirth” ¡ Began around 1400 in Florence, Italy; spread around 1500 to the rest of Europe ¡ Reformation: reform of the Church, ~1517

Answer 89

Shift in worldview to more focus on earthly living instead of afterlife and spirituality ¡ Reintroduction of ancient Roman and Greek thought ¡ But why Florence? ¡ Ruling family the Medicis supported the arts ¡ Luck? Leonardo Da Vinci, Botticelli, Michelangelo were born there

Answer 90

1. Admired Greek and Romans, sought to understand the philosophy of classics 2. Emphasized the joy of living, sought to enjoy their bodily lives 3. Corporeal life was worth contemplating ¡ Belief that the soul and the body are one ¡ Rejected concept of bodily sin, and ascetic dualism of Early Christian monks ¡ Renaissance man was the ideal

Answer 91

¡ “universal man” or uomo universal ¡ Man who could do anything; physical pursuits, art, language, architecture, etc. learnt through education ¡ Based on humanism ¡ Two particular examples: Leon Battista Alberti and Leonardo Da Vinci

Answer 92

¡ Middle Ages and Renaissance, the Church had a strong hold on society ¡ People paid to be relieved of their sins (indulgences) ¡ Martin Luther rejected this idea and suggested that people could be relieved of their sin through their faith ¡ Focused on the individual, instead of using the Church to forgive sins ¡ Some activity was OK for adults (dancing, etc.) because it was better than the alternative, but PE couldn’t take away from actual education ¡ Commerce and industry expanded, people moved to cities, emphasis on education ¡ The body could be used to “compel a reluctant mind”

Answer 93

¡ Vittorino da Feltre (1378-1446) ¡ Most famous of the Italian humanists ¡ Taught children at La Giacosa ¡ Blended Christianity and Physical Education concepts from the Greeks ¡ One of the first to incorporate physical education as part of the overall curriculum ¡ Aeneas Silvio Piccolomini (1405-1464) ¡ Education was for children of the rich ¡ Should be taught archery, how to ride horses, swim, etc. to be good soldiers ¡ Interested in total well-being, instilling habits for life-ling activity ¡ Martin Luther (1483-1546) ¡ 95 theses posted on the Whittenburg Church ¡ Believed in the power of individual faith ¡ “play” could not replace actual education (reading, etc.) ¡ Human body should be taken care of, fully depriving oneself is not possible so some games, etc. are OK ¡ John Calvin (1509-1564) ¡ Focused primarily on the soul and the afterlife, importance of the individual ¡ Predestination – measured by dedication to faith, proper behaviour (hard work and prayer, not sport) ¡ Time as linear, so you have to use your time for God ¡ Did not endorse sport and PE! à negative effect on participation that lasted for years ¡ Thomas Elyot (1490-1546) ¡ More like Italian Humanists ¡ Universal Man – you should be well-rounded in arts, science, fighting, etc. ¡ Wrote about physical education, some activities were more acceptable than others (swimming, hunting, running), the body was not for “fun” ¡ Physical education for medical purposes

Answer 94

Evolved into the Protestant Work Ethic; Max Weber wrote The Protestant Work Ethic and the Spirit of Capitalism * Moral goodness could be measured by work habits

Answer 95

6 physiological benefits from exercise: 1. Aided digestion 2. Increased appetite 3. Helped one live longer 4. Warmed the body 5. Raised one’s metabolism 6. Cleansed the body of its wastes

Answer 96

Series of Boat races Historical Regatta, continues to take place on the first Sunday in September ¡ Started in 1315 ¡ Organized to celebrate military victories, pay homage to dignitaries ¡ Spectators lined the shores

Answer 97

¡ Renaissance = rebirth of cultural and intellectual pursuits from antiquity ¡ Reformation: reform of the church, increased focus on the individual ¡ Similar activities to middle ages, shift in views of physical education and the body ¡ Important figures: Da Vinci, Feltre, Calvin, Luther

Answer 98

The Double Helix; Aboriginal sport and mainstream sport as two independent, parallel, equally legitimate sport systems which are connected at times through shared activities Separate choices for sporting activities are available to Indigenous participants, connectedness between the two systems

Answer 99

Aboriginal Sport Circle; National non-profit organization for Aboriginal sport development, collection of P/T Aboriginal sport organizations, World Indigenous Games, North American Indigenous Games

Answer 100

* Some time for leisure, peasants played ball games (soule)

Answer 101

“Whitestream” sport: emphasizes that the current sport system is structured by, and for, “individuals who align with white, European values” (Paraschak & Tirone, 2014) * Canadian sport has been shaped by white, European values, meanings, and traditions * Example of institutionalized, or systemic racism because the sport system was built to meet the needs of the white, European, privileged elite and discriminate against others

Answer 102

“Aboriginal” is a contemporary term, and often refers to individuals residing in Canada who are First Nations, Métis, or Inuit There are many different cultures, languages, traditions, etc. within this broad umbrella

Answer 103

Lacrosse (baggataway) as the creator’s game a celebration of health, strength, courage, leadership, and fair play, and spiritually as a “medicine” game. Oldest sport in North America? – documented in 1638 In 1867, a Canadian dentist named George Beers created a standardized set of rules and parameters for lacrosse Haudenosaunee Nationals (Iroquois Nationals) included as a nation in international competition in 1987 Iroquois was a name given to them during assimilation and colonization, so in 2022 the team changed their name

Answer 104

sanguine temperament air element Hot, moist qualities Courageous, hopeful, amorous characteristics

Answer 105

Choleric temperament Fire element Hot, dry qualities Short tempered, ambitious characteristics

Answer 106

Melancholy temperament Earth element Cold, dry qualities Introspective, sentimental characteristics

Answer 107

Phlegmatic temperament Water element Cold, moist qualities Calm, unemotional characteristics

Answer 108

Aboriginal peoples have lived on this land since time immemorial Wide estimates of population, anywhere from 8.4 to 112 million people living in the Americas when Europeans first came to shore In what would become Canada –upwards of 2 million people

Answer 109

First-Contacts: 1497 John Cabot took over Newfoundland 1534 Jacques Cartier explored the Gulf of St. Lawrence, met a group of Mikm’aq in Chaleur Bay, met the Stadaconans in Gaspé Peninsula and kidnapped some of their people Trips back and forth, further exploration, kidnapping, alliances, etc.

Answer 110

Spiritual and cultural connections between the people and the land Traditional play and games involved honouring ancestors and the Creator Varied based on geography, group Strength, endurance, pain tolerance were involved in games as essential aspects of aboriginal life Educational for children, preparing them to live off the land Hunting, spear skills, for the boys, strengths-based activities for girls No written accounts, only oral histories passed down through families

Answer 111

1850-1876: key legislation increasing government control over land, measures to protect reserves from encroachment by settlers, decided who was Aboriginal, forced groups to become “more civilized” 1876 – all previous legislation was combined into the Indian Act -Explicit vision of assimilation -Aboriginals viewed as children of the state Amendments in 1885 restricted traditional ceremonies and dances, gatherings -Sought to replace traditional activities with Euro-Canadian versions of recreation

Answer 112

Physical practices as disciplinary – restrictions on traditional activities, increase in Euro-Canadian sports Training as a way to address health issues, military training designed to replace tribal allegiances, instill “civilized” behaviour Late 1940s – Euro-Canadian sports and games could ease assimilation Gendered nature of activities: girls worked in the kitchen and did laundry, boys work outdoors in barns and stables Recreation: boys had sport equipment, played outdoors, sports teams. Girls played with dolls, knit, etc. (Miller, 1996) Women denied opportunity to participate in traditional games, but also Euro-Canadian sports

Answer 113

Snowshoeing First created and used by Indigenous people to travel during the winter months Shape and material was based on geography and group used by the French in warfare against the British Evolved into a recreational activity ~mid- 1800s Canoeing Inuit and other indigenous groups Use of canoes and kayaks for travel, hunting purposes European explorers adopted these for ease of movement Indian Relay “the oldest extreme sport in America” ~500 years old, sport is newer Involves a team of four people, with one jumping from horse to horse Said to evolve into a sport from war, where people would jump to a new horse when their horse got tired Spiritual importance of horses First stampede in 1912 may have included a relay race as well

Answer 114

Hockey may have evolved from First Nations in the Maritime region (Mi’kmaq) Duwarken = “a ball played on ice” Striker would hit a ball down the ice and one team would try and stop the other from returning the ball to their striker Mi’kmaq language includes words that hint at the existence of hockey and ice games, and carvers have been associated with making early hockey sticks (1600s) Origins may be of both Indigenous and British North American practices, cultural contact, and melding of sporting practices and rules

Answer 115

Traditional Native societies were land-based, minimal contact with Europeans, women had a strong position and role in society European colonizers realized that in order to control, they needed to disempower women “Indigenous systems that allocated power to women were incompatible with the kind of colonial power dynamics that would be necessary to maintain colonial power” (Anderson, 2000) Our view of women’s role in traditional sport has been shaped by outsider views from European colonizers Shinny a hockey-like ball game was considered a women’s game in a field or on ice in the winter Lacrosse was mainly a men’s game, however some groups allowed women to play away from the male gaze Boys and Girls were taught physical skills needed for survival tasks and everyday life, like riding horses Snowsnake was a game played by women which involved throwing long sticks Rarely took part in white-organized sport, except for some canoe racing

Answer 116

Traders greeted Europeans with furs to trade for other goods Two companies responsible for development of the fur trade –Hudson’s Bay Company and North West Company Intermarriage was fundamental to growth of fur-trade – Aboriginal women married Europeans and provide support and knowledge of the land, cultural mediators Children were likely raised to emulate European ideals, wear European clothes, limited participation in traditional Games and activities

Answer 117

Born 1886, died 1949 Onondaga from Six Nations of the Grand River Internationally known runner, pioneered training methods Won the Boston Marathon in 1907 with a course record of 2 hours, 24 minutes, competed at 1908 Olympic Games Training style – alternated with hard workouts, recovery, and easier runs Likely inherited training style from his Indigenous community Long-distance running was an essential part of Onondaga and Haudenosaunee communities Criticized by journalists for his training, racist remarks -Lou Marsh, for one (Lou Marsh Trophy is being renamed in 2022)

Answer 118

Snuneymuxw First Nation of the Coast Salish People Soccer player in the late 1800s-early 1900s One of first Indigenous player to appear in a provincial match (1898), first to win a provincial title (1903) 2014 – first Indigenous player inducted into the Canadian Soccer Hall of Fame 2015 – Inducted into Canada’s Sports Hall of Fame

Answer 119

Born 1887, died in 1917 (Battle of Passchendaele) Red Pheasant Cree Nation near North Battleford, Saskatchewan Successful runner, winning multiple races in Calgary Competed in the 1912 Olympics in Stockholm, placed 6th overall in the 5000m

Answer 120

“British North America” typically referring to British colonies and territories between 1783 and 1867 (confederation) * Initially included Quebec, Nova Scotia, St. John’s Island (PEI), Newfoundland, Hudson’s Bay Company territories (e.g., Vancouver Island), crown land * Cape Breton Island and New Brunswick as separate colonies in 1784 * Province of Quebec – divided into Upper (West) and Lower (East) Canada in 1791

Answer 121

* Aboriginal groups, English, French, Irish, Scots, Loyalists * Loyalists; * Supported the Britain cause during the American Revolutionary War, thousands immigrated to the Americas during and after the war

Answer 122

* Company of One Hundred Associates had control of most land in order to promote colonization and support missionaries * Seigneurial system * Granted tracts of land to landholders, who then rented the land to settlers * Land along St. Lawrence, built mills, churches, etc. * Renters (habitants) helped build roads, provided military service to the Crown * Hard, physical labour - strength became incredibly important, masculinity was integral to the skills valued in society * Family-based culture – you were very close to your neighbors! * Bonded through celebrations, weddings, signing, drinking, card games, etc

Answer 123

* 7 years war – 1756-1763 * Global war, fought in Europe, Americas, India, at sea * In Canada, it was France vs. Britain * Early years, the French had some success, ultimately ceding Canada to the British in 1763 (Treat of Paris), and mostly leaving the continent * Foundations of bicultural Canada (French and English) * Post- 7 years war (1763), British had control of Montreal, Quebec, Trois-Rivieres * Aboriginal territories became more compressed, disease continued to be an issue * Loyalists immigrated from the US and assumed land ownership à spike in population * Supported by legislation * Fur trade: voyageurs and bourgeois from North West Company dominated the North, displaced Aboriginal travelers

Answer 124

* Voyageurs worked for the bourgeois, doing all physical labour of the northern fur trade * Worked harsh winter conditions so considered themselves more hearty * Notoriety was based on physical ability, distance covered, masculine identity was connected to labour and intense rivalries formed * Raced with heavy loads, going further than needed out of sheer competition * Competitions of strength, fist fights, races, brawling, drinking, etc. desensitized men to the physical work needed of the job * Fur trade merchants formed the Beaver Club in Montreal, 1785 distancing themselves from labourers and women

Answer 125

* Tavern, club, and garrison (military post) – most important social institutions of the era, where sports and games occurred * Demonstrated the relationship between English, French, Scots, Loyalists, Irish, and Aboriginals * Played, competed, drank, fought for money, fun and pride Any military post where soldiers gather to protect the area - Protection - Economic and social value - Membership in local societies

Answer 126

* Settlement, conquest, removal of Aboriginal peoples altered indigenous games and dances – euro-Canadians tried to limit these or put them on display * Immigrants brought their own games and social traditions * English formed governing bodies to regulate behaviour, land ownership, trade, religion, etc. * Christianity and civil rules were invoked through legislation and bylaws

Answer 127

* Public houses (“pubs”), inn, grogg shop, were the main targets of legislation * Once a place to rest, eat, if you were a traveller * Evolved to a place for socializing, drinking, gambling, fighting, playing, * Many, many taverns, incredible popularity – opportunity for revenue

Answer 128

“sin taxes” = taxes levied on goods deemed harmful to society and individuals * Way for the government to make money * Gambling also regulated as it challenged typical ways of making money that maintained class structure * Licences needed for billiard tables

Answer 129

Main theme: “moral codes” How people spent their time, how they did certain activities were tied to morality

Answer 130

* Government had direct regulatory and financial interests in how people spent their leisure time * Agricultural societies, agricultural fairs * Legislation against cards, dice, tennis, bowls, shooting off fireworks, all of which were considered “idle” behaviour * Class division – clubs and private dwellings of the elite provided shelter from public scrutiny, but they were quick to scrutinize others * Hunting and fishing – legislation controlled land, lakes, rivers, etc. defined hunting seasons * Canada became a hunting destination for tourists, large parcels of land for wealthy men * Laws = maintained class order. Wealthy men were considered more civilized, rational, responsible than aboriginals, for instance

Answer 131

* Male-dominated spaces, sports and games were used as a distraction and to alleviate boredom and for holidays * Yok Factory late 1700s-mid 1800s * Football and fist fighting were very popular * Gambling on outcomes of the football matches * Military men at Garrisons planned, attended horse racing, organized cricket matches, foot races, curling, regattas, for themselves and eventually the town people as well * Offered organizational expertise for sporting events in nearby cities * Clubs were spaces for men to pursue economic and political interests amongst men, creating a divide between men/women

Answer 132

First sporting club: the Montreal Curling Club in 1807 * Formed by Scottish fur traders * Fraternal organization created as a “sporting” club * Curling clubs established in Halifax, Kingston, Quebec, Fergus, Toronto, Milton Guelph, and more before 1840 * Montreal – the cradle, or birthplace of Canadian sport also had a hunt club and cricket club * Cricket grew in popularity in 1830 and spread throughout the country where ex-military and garrisons lived * Elites used cricket to promote stability, “appropriate” games in the colonies

Answer 133

* Stricter alcohol laws, alcohol seen as the cause of poverty and crime. Less alcohol = more productive, employable society * Limited licences for bars/pubs, restricted hours, liabilities of tavern owners, etc. * Poorly enforced, however – lots of unlicensed establishments, entertainment organized by tavern owners * Boxing matches, cock-fighting, bog fights, billiards, cards * Provided entertainment from the monotony of daily work * Women were chastised for visiting taverns, so gender divides prevailed

Answer 134

* Garrisons played a large role in developing organized sport pre-confederation * Middle class men created sporting clubs where appropriate manliness could be displayed, which further divided genders * In Montreal, by 1860 organized sports were a major part of the social and cultural landscape

Answer 135

The adjective bourgeois means relating to or typical of the middle class

APA2302 midterm review Flashcards

(159 cards)