APACIBLE FINALS

Question 1

can be either benign (growth is limited) or malignant (cancerous).

Answer 1

Neoplasms

Question 2

Most common form of cancer in children;

Answer 2

Leukemia

Question 3

the most common solid malignancy of
childhood

Answer 3

Lymphoma

Question 4

General symptoms of malignancy

Answer 4

U F F P S

1. Unexplained weight loss
2. Fever
3. Fatigue
4. Pain
5. Skin changes (itching, darkening, reddening, hairiness)

Question 5

General signs of malignancy

Answer 5

C U N T I O N

change in bowel or bladder habits

unusual bleeding or discharge

nonhealing sore

thickening or lump in the breast or other body part

indigestion or difficulty swallowing

obvious change in a wart or mole

nagging cough or persistent hoarseness

Question 6

Cancer treatment measures used with children

Answer 6

R C B

Radiation Therapy

Chemotherapy

Bone Marrow Transplantation

Question 7

the distorted and uncontrolled proliferation of WBCs (leukocytes) and is the most
frequently occurring type of cancer in children.

Answer 7

Leukemia

Question 8

involves lymphoblasts
or immature lymphocytes. The highest incidence of ALL is in children between 2 and 6 years of age.
The prognosis in children younger than 1 year or older than 10 years at the time of first occurrence is not
as good as in those between 2 and 10 years of age.

Answer 8

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia

Question 9

Acute Lymphocytic Leukemia assessment

Answer 9

L P L P B M G

low grade fever
pallor
lethargy
petechiae
bleeding from oral mucous membrane
may bleed easily
generalized swelling of lymph nodes

Question 10

As the spleen and liver begin to enlarge from infiltration of abnormal cells …

Answer 10

A V A

Abdominal pain
Vomiting
Anorexia

Question 11

involves the overproliferation of granulocytes (neutrophils, basophils,
and eosinophils). It is most often seen in adults so accounts for only about 20% of all childhood
leukemias. The frequency of the disorder in- creases in late adolescence as children reach adulthood.

Answer 11

Acute Myeloid Leukemia

Question 12

A M L assessment

Answer 12

Same with A L L

L P L P B M G

low grade fever
pallor
lethargy
petechiae
bleeding from oral mucous membrane
may bleed easily
generalized selling of lymph nodes

Question 13

are malignancies of the lymph or reticuloendothelial system

Answer 13

Lymphomas

Question 14

2 categories of lymphomas

Answer 14

Hodgkin’s Disease

Non- Hodgkin’s Disease

Question 15

Hodgkin’s Disease assessment

Answer 15

M A N W A F

Malaise
Anorexia
Night sweats
Weight loss
Anemia
Fever

Question 16

are malignant disorders of the lymphocytes. They involve stem cells and lymphocytes in varying degrees of differentiation

Answer 16

Non- Hodgkin’s Disease

Question 17

N H D assessment

Answer 17

C E D A M

cough or chest tightness
edema of the face
Diarrhea or constipation
Abdominal pain
Mass may be palpable on examination

Question 18

Types of Brain Tumors

Answer 18

C C C B A M E

Cerebral Tumors
Craniopharyngiomas
Cerebellar Astrocytomas
Brain Stem Gliomas
Astrocytomas
Medulloblastomas
Ependymomas

Question 19

Neoplasm of the brain assessment

Answer 19

C I H V V P D

Cranial nerve paralysis
Intracranial pressure
Headache
Vomiting
Vision changes
Papilledema
Diplopia

Question 20

Bone Tumors

Tumors derived from connective tissue, such as bone and cartilage, muscle, blood vessels, or
lymphoid tissue, are called

Answer 20

Sarcoma

Question 21

a malignant tumor of long bone involving rapidly growing bone tissue
(mesenchymal-matrix forming cells).

Answer 21

Osteogenic sarcoma

Question 22

Osteogenic sarcoma assessment

Answer 22

R P I

Rapid bone growth
Pain and swelling at the tumor site
Inflamed and warm bones may be felt

Question 23

a malignant tumor occurring most often in the bone marrow of the
diaphyseal area (midshaft) of long bones. It spreads longitudinally through the bone

Answer 23

Ewing’s Sarcoma

Question 24

Ewing’s sarcoma assessment

Answer 24

Intermittent to constant pain at the site of the tumor

Question 25

Other childhood neoplasms

Answer 25

Neuroblastoma Rhabdomyosarcoma Nephroblastoma Retinoblastoma Skin Cancer

Question 26

are tumors that arise from the cells of the sympathetic nervous system; cells are highly undifferentiated and invasive, occurring most frequently in the abdomen near the adrenal gland or spinal ganglia. They are the most common abdominal tumors in childhood.

Answer 26

Neuroblastoma

Question 27

Neuroblastoma assessment

Answer 27

A W A D E abdominal mass weight loss and anorexia abdominal pain and constipation dyspnea excessive sweating

Question 28

a tumor of striated muscle. It arises from the embryonic mesenchyme tissue that forms muscle, connective, and vascular tissue. The peak age of incidence of these tumors is 2 to 6 years, with a second peak occurring during puberty. Common sites of occurrence include the eye orbit, paranasal sinuses, uterus, prostate, bladder, retroperitoneum, arms, and legs. CNS invasion occurs from direct tumor extension.

Answer 28

Rhabdomyosarcoma

Question 29

Rhabdomyosarcoma assessment

Answer 29

The symptoms relate to the site of the tumor (STAGING NEUROBALSTOMA).

Question 30

Wilms' Tumor

Answer 30

Nephroblastoma

Question 31

is a malignant tumor that rises from the metanephric mesoderm cells of the upper pole of the kidney

Answer 31

Nephroblastoma

Question 32

Nephroblastoma assessment

Answer 32

T T H C Tumor is felt as firm, nontender abdominal mass Tumors can hemorrhage into themselves Hematuria and a low grade fever Child may be anemic

Question 33

" No Abdominal Palpation "

Answer 33

Nephroblastoma

Question 34

is a malignant tumor of the retina of the eye (Sands & Drack, 2007). A rare tumor, it accounts for only 1% to 3% of childhood malignancies. In about 10% of children, these tumors develop because of an inherited autosomal dominant pattern that causes an alteration of chromo- some

Answer 34

Retinoblastoma

Question 35

Retinoblastoma assessment

Answer 35

P S pupil appears white strabismus

Question 36

Three types of skin cancer

Answer 36

Basal cell carcinoma Squamous cell carcinoma Malignant melanoma

Question 37

Chief cause of skin cancer

Answer 37

Excessive sun exposure

Question 38

Melanomas can be differentiated from benign moles by an A- B-C-D assessment:

Answer 38

asymmetry, border irregularity, color (variable or dark pigmentation), diameter (over 6 mm)

Question 39

Malignant melanoma prevention

Answer 39

Apply a sunscreen or wear protective clothing if a child will be out in the sun for longer than 20 minutes. • Avoid indoor tanning beds or ultraviolet light. • Avoid sunburn,

Question 40

Nursing diagnosis:

Answer 40

Risk for infection related to non-functioning WBC and immunosuppresive effects of therapy

Question 41

Implementation:

Answer 41

Promote measures to identify and prevent infection

Question 42

Nursing diagnosis

Answer 42

P I A R R Pain Impaired skin integrity Altered oral mucosa Risk for infection Risk for injury

Question 43

Programmed cell death

Answer 43

Apoptosis

Question 44

The likely course of a disease or ailment , a forecast

Answer 44

Prognosis

Question 45

The genetic changes that contribute to cancer usually affect three specific types of genes

Answer 45

P T D Proto-oncogenes Tumor suppressor genes DNA repair genes

Question 46

Theories/Possible causes of neoplastic growth

Answer 46

Exposure to harmful substances in the utero Cell mutation theory

Question 47

Types of Chemotherapeutic Agents

Answer 47

A A P A N E S I Alkylating agents - cyclophosphamide Antimetabolites - methotrexate Plant alkaloids - vincristine Antibiotics - dactinomycin Nitrosoureas - carmustine Enzymes Steroids Immunotherapy

Question 48

interfere with DNA synthesis. They are cell-cycle specific or are most effective against cells in the G1 and S phases of growth.

Answer 48

Alkylating agents

Question 49

drugs that so closely resemble natural products that a cell readily incorporates them into its structure. Because they are not the natural product, however, the cell cannot function or replicate with them in its structure and will die

Answer 49

Antimetabolites

Question 50

interfere with cell mitosis (M phase).

Answer 50

Plant alkaloids

Question 51

effective in destroying ma- lignant cells by impairing DNA synthesis. These are not cell- cycle specific, which means that they can be effective at any cell phase (resting or dividing).

Answer 51

Antibiotics

Question 52

disrupt protein synthesis, thereby interfering with DNA synthesis. Because these drugs cross the blood–brain barrier, they are effective as chemotherapy agents in brain tumor therapy.

Answer 52

Nitrosoureas

Question 53

Body cells need a ready supply of L-asparagine (an essential amino acid) to grow. L- Asparaginase (El-spar), a chemotherapeutic agent, is an enzyme that converts L-asparagine into L- aspartic acid, thereby making L-asparagine unavailable for cell growth.

Answer 53

Enzymes

Question 54

corticosteroid, most frequently prednisone, binds to DNA to inhibit mitosis and probably RNA synthesis in cells. When it is added to therapy, the formation of new cells is prevented.

Answer 54

Steroids

Question 55

is the stimulation of the body’s immune system to attempt destruction of foreign or malignant cells.

Answer 55

Immunotherapy

Question 56

Side effects and toxic reactions of chemotherapy

Answer 56

H M N C D Hair loss Malnutrition Nausea and vomiting Constipation Diarrhea