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Modern History > Apartheid > Flashcards

Apartheid Flashcards

1
Q

Outline the political issues in South Africa in 1960.

A

National Party (Dutch Afrikaners) implement system of apartheid in 1948
- legitimising racial segregation despite being the minority
- Africans no longer have the right to vote, possess land, perceived as inferior
Anti-apartheid groups (e.g. ANC, PAC) emerge - little to no political voice or power

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2
Q

Outline the economic issues in South Africa in 1960.

A

Deep economic inequality - black population’s average income was less than 10% of the white population

Africans confined to reserves –> Afrikaners required cheap labour for low-tier, more dangerous jobs (e.g. mining) –> creation of pass laws (severely restricted movement) + Afrikaners exploited Africans labour to maximise their profits –> poor conditions

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3
Q

Outline the social and demographic issues in South Africa in 1960.

A

Population breakdown: Africans 68.3%, Whites 19.3%, Coloured 9.4%

Pass laws - severely restricted movement, all aspects of life controlled
Townships (settlements for Black Africans on the edge of urban areas to live as they worked) - unsanitary and overcrowded
Discrimination - from 1948 they couldn’t vote, were dispossessed of land, viewed as inferior, kept racially segregated from whites

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4
Q

Outline the ideology of apartheid.

A

No clear blueprint for Apartheid ideology, based on white superiority over other races, elimination of miscegenation, belief as a fair and just system and traditional principles of guardianship

White superiority underpinned all of apartheid ideology - believed they had a right to govern and control other races

Biblical justification: believed god had created different races with the intention of keeping them apart

Miscegenation, or mixing races: believed that if races were mixed, the white race would be destroyed –> separation through apartheid was necessary

Fair and just system as they believed they were tasked with guardianship over the other races - apartheid was a way of treating the races fairly, responsibility to guard and protect through separation

Sought Afrikaner domination as they pursued the formation of a republic and severing of ties with Britain

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5
Q

Outline the main features/policy of apartheid - implementing Apartheid and strengthening the National Party.

A

Define: apartheid referred to the policy of separating races in all aspects of life.
Introduced in 1948 by the National Party (comprised of Dutch Afrikaners)

TWO MAIN AIMS: enforce and protect white superiority through an all-encompassing system of separation AND sever political ties with Britain

  • Suppression of Communism Act 1950: SA Communist Party banned –> arrest of political individuals hostile to the apartheid regime
  • Created six more seats in Namibia where residents were expected to vote for nationalists —> doubled no. of seats the party was entitled to –> ensure majority in parliament
  • Separate Representation of Voters Act 1951 - abolished coloured peoples right to vote (Africans never had the right)
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6
Q

What are the four categories of impacts on urban and rural communities?

A
  1. Daily life and freedoms
  2. Housing/living areas
  3. Education
  4. Economic
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7
Q

How did apartheid affect urban and rural communities in regards to daily life and freedoms?

A

Micro-level inconveniences under petty apartheid
- Reservation of Separate Amenities Act 1953 - separate facilities and public services
Required to carry a passbook under the Pass Laws Act 1952 (criminal offence not to carry it)
- Allowed the gov to monitor and control their daily movements and activities

Those caught breaking the law could be imprisoned, whipped and/or fined (whites punished much less harshly)

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8
Q

Outline the policy/features of apartheid - grand apartheid.

A

Grand apartheid: overall system of keeping races separate

  • Group Areas Act 1950: living in separate areas, subject to forced removal
  • Immorality Amendment Act 1950: sex between people of different races made illegal
  • Population Registration Act 1950: people were classified as white, asian, coloured or black african
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9
Q

Outline the policy/features of apartheid - petty apartheid.

A

Petty apartheid: day to day restrictions such as different public amenities and transport waiting rooms

  • Reservation of Separate Amenities Act 1953 - public spaces and services separated
  • many found this more wearying
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10
Q

How would you structure a response on the features/policy of apartheid?

A 
Define
Implemented in 1948 by the national party
2 Aims
Strengthening the National Party
Grand Apartheid
Petty Apartheid
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11
Q

How did apartheid affect urban and rural communities in regards to housing and living areas?

A

Group Areas Act 1950: allowed the government to forcibly move citizens to designated living areas
- Led to the forcible eviction and relocation of more than 3.5 million Africans between 1951-86

Sophiatown: one of the only urban areas where Africans were allowed to own property

  • More than 70% of buildings considered slums
  • overcrowded and unsanitary
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12
Q

How did apartheid affect urban and rural communities in regards to education?

A

Syllabus focused on enforcing white superiority over the inferior Black and coloured races

Bantu Education Act 1953: mission schools (run by churches for blacks) had to be handed over to the government or receive decreased subsidies
- Many forced to close due to lack of funding

Many parents did not send their children to school as they didn’t want them being taught of white superiority –> low education and literacy rates –> few economic opportunities

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13
Q

How did apartheid affect urban and rural communities in regards to economic opportunities?

A

Limited to unskilled jobs often with dangerous working conditions e.g. mining

Bantu Authorities Act 1951: emphasised that Africans had no place in South Africa and were only used as a source of cheap labour

  • Required permission from the government to look for work
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14
Q

How did apartheid affect specifically urban communities?

A

More crowded and unsanitary, as Africans were forced to live in squalid slums such as Sophiatown

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15
Q

What does the verb “account” mean?

A

State reasons for

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16
Q

Outline the nature of the ANC. (4 points)

A

ANC was made up of more educated members (middle-class) and racially diverse (coloured, Indians, Africans, whites)

  • Integrationist approach
  • All races had an equal role to play in a post-apartheid society

Supported the Freedom Charter - worked together with SAIC (SA Indian Congress) and CPSA
- Equal rights for all people

Peaceful resistance: policy of civil disobedience

  • Resist apartheid through non-cooperation
  • 1946 miner’s strike: 100,000 on strike despite brutal repression

Youth League: sought a broader organisation with mass support

  • Direct action rather than passive protest and discussion
  • Emphasised the community-based culture of Africans
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17
Q

What are the origins of the PAC?

A

Breakaway group from the ANC

- Founded by Robert Sobukwe who called on ANC to look after African interests first but was forced out of the ANC

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18
Q

What are the similarities between the ANC and PAC?

A

Both sought to overturn apartheid
Both primarily made up of black South Africans
Both turned to violent means through offshoot groups such as the MK and Poqo

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19
Q

Outline the nature of the PAC. (5 points)

A

Rejected Freedom Charter
- Rejected equality of all groups, advocated for Pan-Africanism → perceived white people as the enemy and aimed for their total expulsion from South Africa

PAC refused to work with other non-African groups, as they saw the fight for liberation as exclusively a black African cause - worked insularly without collaboration
 - Made up entirely of Africans, generally more impoverished, lower-class members

Pursued same anti-colonialism movements as those throughout Africa in the liberation of SA

More inclined to use violence
- Strikes and demonstrations in which public anger could be vented - led to tragedies such as the Sharpeville Massacre

Events were often more disorganised and devolved into chaos

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20
Q

Describe the MK. (4 points)

A

Mandela co-founded the military branch of the ANC

Conduct acts of sabotage on government installations whilst avoiding loss of life

Emphasis placed on MK being independent of the ANC although affiliated (ANC still anti-violence)

Later adopted more violent forms of resistance → Train volunteers for guerilla warfare

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21
Q

Describe Poqo.

A

Military arm of PAC - most violent faction, willing to use terror and intimidation
Targeted white people, African policemen and local chiefs

  • E.g. assault on the white settlement of Paarl in 1962 Hacked two young white people to death
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22
Q

What was the impact of the PAC?

A

Short term, big devastation, led to a lot of tightened restrictions from the National Party

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23
Q

What was the impact of the ANC?

A

Long term, political structural change → dismantling of apartheid

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24
Q

Outline 4 examples of resistance up until 1960.

A

ANC, PAC, MK, Poqo

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25
Q

Outline three other examples of resistance up until 1960.

A

African Resistance Movement (ARM): off-shoot of the white liberal party
- increasingly liberal

Soweto Uprising

Black Conciousness Movement

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26
Q

How did the ANC contribute to the growth of the anti-Apartheid movement? (linked to nature, growth and impact)

A

Fostered anti-apartheid sentiment, gave opposers a means of resisting, its integrationist nature meant anyone could participate

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27
Q

How would you structure a response to the question - How significant was the Sharpeville Massacre in catalysing national resistance to apartheid (8 marks)?

A
  1. What was it
  2. Initial oppression
  3. Shift to violent resistance
  4. Increased government repression
  5. International response
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28
Q

How significant was the Sharpeville Massacre in catalysing national resistance to apartheid - Opening.

A

Turning point during apartheid, highlighting the futility of peaceful resistance and the brutality of the white government.

21 March 1960

  • Killing 69 blacks and wounding more than 180 people –> revealed the cruel and brutal nature of the government
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29
Q

How significant was the Sharpeville Massacre in catalysing national resistance to apartheid - Initial repression.

A

State of emergency announced one week later –> police arrested over 100,000 people including Nelson Mandela

  • ANC and PAC declared unlawful under the Unlawful Organisations Act 1960
  • Removed the principle of legitimate voices in Africa as protesting became illegal
  • Severely restricting the rights of African people, outlawing their main forms of resistance and exposing the corrupt and brutal nature of the government
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30
Q

When was Sharpeville Massacre?

A

21st March 1960

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31
Q

How significant was the Sharpeville Massacre in catalysing national resistance to apartheid - Shift to violence.

A

Marked the ANC’s and PAC’s shift towards more violent resistance - deaths of peaceful protestors highlighted the ineffectiveness of passive resistance

  • MK and Poqo, the military wings of the ANC and PAC, as well as the Liberal Party began campaigns of bombing and violence, particularly against institutions that enforced apartheid
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32
Q

How significant was the Sharpeville Massacre in catalysing national resistance to apartheid - Increased repression.

A

Also led to increased government control

  • Sabotage Act 1962: introduced the death penalty for all acts of sabotage and allowed security forces to use torture to extract confessions
  • General Laws Amendment Act 1963: allowed authorities to arrest anyone for 90 days without charge, and detention could be extended indefinitely
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33
Q

How significant was the Sharpeville Massacre in catalysing national resistance to apartheid - International response.

A

Enraged international stage

  • Prospect of isolation as several countries severed ties with SA
  • Brain drain: higher rates of emigration than immigration
  • UN Security Council: passed a resolution condemning the SA government and depending them to end apartheid
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34
Q

What are your bare minimum facts for impacts of the Sharpeville Massacre?

A

Killing 69 blacks and wounding more than 180
After one week a state of emergency was announced –> arrest of over 10,000 individuals including Nelson Mandela

Unlawful Organisations Act 1960

Sabotage Act 1962

General Laws Amendment Act 1963

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35
Q

Describe Nelson Mandela’s role as head of Umkhonto we Sizwe, ‘The Spear of the Nation’ (MK). (overlaps with “describe the MK”)

A

Founded by Mandela in 1961 with Joe Slovo

  • Conduct acts of sabotage on government buildings whilst avoiding the loss of life
  • Emphasis placed on being independent to the ANC, though still affiliated (ANC anti-violence)
  • Within the first 18 months, staged over 200 attacks
  • Later turned to more violent means, such as training soldiers for guerilla warfare
36
Q

What was the Rivonia Trial?

A

July 1963: many of MK’s leaders were arrested at a farmhouse in Rivonia and charged for sabotage and conspiring to facilitate “violent revolution”

  • 8 of the 17 leaders were sentenced to life imprisonment and many remained imprisoned until the end of the 1980s
37
Q

Outline the impact of the Rivonia Trial on the ANC and PAC.

A

Significant weakening of liberation movement - operations halted as the majority of underground leaders were arrested and the trial entrenched the government’s control
- 8 out of the 17 leaders were sentenced to life in prison and many were held in prison until the end of the 1980s

  • ANC moved their headquarters to Tanzania - challenge to build a presence in SA
  • SA was surrounded by Mozambique, Rhodesia and Angola who had white governments hostile to the cause
  • MK soldiers were tracked and killed when trying to move through hostile countries
  • Dissolution of ANC meant living and hiding in the populace was impossible
  • Security forces were relentless and brutal in prosecuting individuals accused of aiding the banned organisations
38
Q

Why was the ANC more resilient than the PAC after the Rivonia Trial?

A

Military training and funding from the USSR

Anti-apartheid support from the US and Europe

Military bases in Tanzania and other African countries

Much of this was due to Oliver Tambo, the ANC deputy president based in London who was skilled in diplomacy and was able to gather support in Europe

39
Q

What effect did the Rivonia trial have on international responses to Apartheid?

A

Extensive media coverage overseas and world opinion likely dissuaded the judge from issuing the death penalty in fear of growing international anti-apartheid resistance

UN called for defendants to be released and global leaders such as Brezhnev, British MPs and US Congressmen called for clemency

International protests against apartheid

Sanctions placed on SA

40
Q

Outline the impact of Mandela during the Rivonia Trial and the “Free Mandela” campaign.

A

No death penalty –> imprisonment on Robben Island –> Mandela became the face of the anti-apartheid struggle

FREE MANDELA MOVEMENT

  • International involvement had saved Mandela and other leading figures of the MK from the death penalty in the 1964 Rivonia Trial
  • International involvement similarly helped ensure Mandela’s safe release from prison
  • Free Mandela Movement started by Tambo in 1980
  • Many believed the release of Mandela would begin negotiations towards ending apartheid and the beginning of a non-racial democratic constitution that would replace the white-minority rule
41
Q

How effective was Nelson Mandela as the leader of the ANC?

A
  1. Part of ANC youth league and leader of MK (co-leader Joe Slavo
  2. Work as a figurehead - Rivonia Trial and Free Mandela Movement
  3. Role in the transition to democracy - Chris Hani assassination
42
Q

What are some things Nelson Mandela did prior to his arrest?

A

Joined ANC Youth League in 1944
Late 1940s: helped launch the Defiance Campaign
1955: involved in drafting the Freedom Charter

43
Q

When did Black Conciousness arise and what were its aims?

A

Major force that arose in the late 1960s

Steve Biko: leader of the SASO (South African Students Organisation) formed in 1969 coined the term “black consciousness”

AIM: liberate black minds from the “psychological shackles of white domination”

  • Reverse the ‘brainwashing’ and indoctrination that Blacks were inferior
  • Foster pride for their identity
44
Q

Explain the significance of the Black Conciousness movement.

A

Led to the remobilization of Black Africans after the bleak events of the 1960s - Sharpeville Massacre, Mandela’s arrest

While the government was initially tolerant as they believed it would support their emphasis on self-government, they quickly began to recognise its power and influence as it gave Africans pride and consciousness in their identity and heritage

Helped African students realise the purpose of education was not to equip them with skills and knowledge but rather keep them in servitude (+ decreasing funding for African schools)

Increased pride and connection to culture

Rise in African popular culture

45
Q

What are your 4 sections for a question “Describe the nature of tactics of repression and oppression.”

A

Intro: Botha’s total strategy (comes to power in 1978)

Security forces

Removal of rights and freedoms - bantustans and repression of the press

Culminating in necklacing and state of emergency

46
Q

Describe the nature of tactics of repression and oppression - intro.

A

Botha, security forces, restriction of rights, state of emergency

Botha’s Total Strategy (came to power in 1978)

  • intensified oppression
  • more outward looking, more overt

Recognised that Vorster’s system of apartheid was unsustainable, and so implemented reforms to “appease” the population e.g. creation of a black middle class in the hopes that richer blacks would have a larger stake in the system and not support further calls for change

Failure led to future repression

47
Q

Describe the nature of tactics of repression and oppression - security forces: defence force.

A

1979-83: Botha introduces forced conscription - size doubles

1979-83: 30-40 assassinations on prominent anti-apartheid activists and oppositional leaders

Policed citizens, carried out state-sanctioned violence, carried out raids, instantly shot prisoners

1984: SA and Mozambique signed the Nkomati Accords –> FRELIMO would close ANC bases in their country in return for SA ceasing to support opposition groups there
Granted SADF respite from full-scale military activity, closed ANC bases in a frontline state which could have been used to launch attacks

48
Q

Describe the nature of tactics of repression and oppression - security forces: Kitkonstables.

A

Security forces enlisted a wide number of black African men who were generally unemployed, illiterate and held criminal convitions to destroy community orgnaisations established by the ANC and UDF

Ill-trained and poorly supervised –> arson, robbery, murder and rape

Government used these groups to highlight black-on-black violence and use this as a compelling argument against balck self-government and political agency

49
Q

Describe the nature of tactics of repression and oppression - security forces: Civilian Cooperation Bureau

A

Covert organisation tasked with eliminating all enemies of the state

Murdered many critics such as David Webbster (lecturer and vocal critic of apartheid, killed in the US)

50
Q

Describe the nature of tactics of repression and oppression - removal of rights and freedoms: bantustans

A

By 1980, 53% of Black South Africans liven in Bantustans

Black Homelands Citizenship Act 1970: declared “alien” within South Africa, meaning they could not access passports or healthcare, not considered citizens

Poor conditions, economically dependent on gov.

Brutal leaders chosen by SA gov

51
Q

Describe the nature of tactics of repression and oppression - removal of rights and freedoms: repression of the press

A

Protection of Information Act 1982: press prohibited from reporting on arrests, information on deaths in detention could not be reported

Police Amendment Act: allegations of police brutality were outlawed

52
Q

Describe the nature of tactics of repression and oppression - CULMINATING IN:

A

After police fired on a funeral procession in the Eastern Cape, locals responded with a new form of protest called “necklacing” (rubber tire placed around neck and lit up)
- in 1985 over 60 necklacing incidents

Declaration of a state of emergency

Recognition of SA’s bankruptcy and how the white minority would be overpowered by others

53
Q

Outline the impact of tactics of repression and oppression - 4 paragraphs.

A

Radicalised oppression

Township violence and protests

Continued resistance from the ANC and PAC

Formation of UDF

Trade unions

54
Q

Outline the impact of tactics of repression and oppression - township violence.

A

Protests due exponentially, far exceeding Soweto (1976) and any other anti-apartheid campaigns

Incidents of unrest rose from 4000 in 1987 to 17000 in 1990

Protestors attacked symbols of apartheid - police stations, government buildings, homes of black policemen

Necklacing - 1985: over 60 necklacing incidents (after police fired on a funeral procession in the Eastern Cape)

55
Q

Outline the impact of tactics of repression and oppression - continued resistance from ANC and PAC

A

TUrned from guerilla warfare to focus on urban areas - goal was to create the “people’s war”

Increased acts of sabotage

Bombings e.g. South African Coal, Oil and Gas Plant in 1980 and Koeberg nuclear power station (1982)

1983: 42 attacks by ANC on government installations
1985: “make apartheid unworkable! make south Africa ungovernable!”

56
Q

Outline the impact of tactics of repression and oppression - formation of UDF

A

formed in 1983

No identified leadership - could not be broken easily

created to denounce apartheid and call for coloured and indians to boycott the electoral process

less than a third of eligible voters cast a ballot

Programme of “people’s organs for people’s power” –> people’s courts, youth groups, organise strikes

57
Q

How significant were tactics of repression and oppression in the implementation of apartheid?

A

Highly significant

Link in “descibe the nature” and “the impact”

58
Q

How effective were tactics of repression and oppression in the preservation of apartheid?

A

Ineffective - radicalised resistance and garnered more anti-apartheid support

Repression had its limits - the security forces could not control the resistance of the masses

59
Q

What were bantustans?

A

Rural areas where Africans were designated to live, away from urban areas

Group Areas Act 1950 - led to the forcible relocation of 3.5 million Africans from 1951-86

60
Q

How independent of the SA gov were bantustans?

A

NOT INDEPENDENT: used as a means of repression rather than granting independence

They were granted “full independence” but this was merely a guise

  • did not have democractic governemnts
  • could not introduce their own laws and foriegn polices were ocntrolled by SA govnerment
  • none of these states received international recognition
  • SA gov had the power to appoint local chiefs –> installed leaders whowould cooperate with the governemnt and control opposition

Economically dependant: land was not arable –> could not sustain themselves
Budget relied heavily on assistance and subsidies from the government

Had to travel to townships, mines and other urban areas to satisfy the need for cheap labout

61
Q

How did the Bantustans function as a means of repression and control?

(lots of overlap with how independent were the bantustans)

A

Enabled blacks to lose all political rights in SA as they were no longer deemed citizens so couldn’t vote or run for office

Black Homelands Citizenship Act 1970: deemed aliens - could not access healthcare, passports, services or rights

62
Q

What were the goals of SA with neighbouring countries?

A

Support white minority govenremnts, fight communism (assist non-communist groups), stop black-majority governemnts from suporting the ANC and PAC

63
Q

Angola

A

GOAL: quash communism

Operation Savannah 1975: partially invaded Angola

Fought with American against Angola to drive out communist forces

$14 million in arms

64
Q

Namibia

A

GOAL: ensure continued control

SA WANTED: a buffer against the encroachement of communism in Angola, hold onto white votes to bolster election outcomes

NAMIBIA WANTED: independence from SA’s repression and control

CONFLICT: quash independence movement

65
Q

Mozambique

A

GOAL: stop support for ANC and PAC

In 1984, the SA and Mazambique signed the Nkomati Accords
Marxist govenrment would close down ANC bases in Mozambique and SA gov would stop supporting anti-communist forces there

66
Q

Rhodesia/Zimbabwe

A

Supplied aid to forces fighting against independence groups

Failed - gained independence in 1980

67
Q

International responses to SA - extent

A

moderate extent: did place pressure and make the gov realise they were being watched, remained largely unbothered and willing to be isolated

nations such as the us and UK continued to source commodities form the SA

68
Q

Impact of neighbouring companies on end of apartheid

A

moderate - SA became more isolated, could not suppress both domestic and international forces

Bordered with very hostile-black led nations, some communist e.g. Angola, Namibia, Zimbabwe/Rhodesia

69
Q

International boycotts - non-economic

A

Sports boycotts in Aus and NZ of all-white SA teams –> HART (Halt ALl Racist Tours) in 1969

70
Q

International boycotts - economic

A

British Anti-Apartheid Movement (1959) called for an economic boycott of all SA goods
- foreign bankers and investors began to pull out of the country

1985: Chase Manhattan Bank caused a major financial crisis by refusing to roll over short term bank loans. followed by most other iternational banks.

71
Q

International boycotts - sanctions

A

After Shaprveille: UN posed sanctions and requested all states suspend exchanges with the “racist regime”

1977 UN embargo on the sale of arms

1986 Comphrensive Anti-Apartheid Act:

  • US implemented mandatory sanctions against SA –> banning all new investments, bankloans, SA imports, end of air links between SA and US
  • 50% fall in US investment in SA
72
Q

International anti-apartheid movements

A

American Committee on Africa (1953): support for liberation movements

British Defence and Aid Fund (1956) –> fund for legal aid for those accused in the Treason Trial

Sweden began giving direct aid to liberation movements including ANC in 1969

73
Q

Political, social and economic factors in the end of apartheid - judgement

A

Social and economic factors were the most significant as they were the integral underlying factors, as they enabled in the long-term the also highly significant catalytic political factors to occur, thus contributing to the end of apartheid and transition to democracy

74
Q

Economic factors in the end of apartheid

A

Workers strikes - pressure on economy and business

White-run businesses (businesses being ruined by sanctions and embargoes –> work to negotiate with the ANC)

Cost of apartheid –> bantustans completely dependent on government subsidies, armed forces

International trade embargoes and loss of foreign investment
- 1985 Chase Manhattan Bank caused a major financial crisis when they refused to roll over short-term bank loans

UN sanctions

1986 Comprehensive Anti-Apartheid Act: US imposed mandatory sanctions, 50% decrease in SA investment, banning of many SA imports

75
Q

Social factors in the end of apartheid

A

Civil unrest and heightened dissatisfaction - gov failed to make meaningful change (poor living conditions, access to education)

Violence

Fear of civil war

Changing demographics:
- White population dropped from 21% in 1936 to 15% in 1988

  • More black Africans moving into townships and urban areas (African population in townships doubled from 5.2 to 10.6 million between 1951 and 1980)
76
Q

Political factors in the end of apartheid - rise of radical groups and violence

A

Rise of radical groups IFP and AWB and their Freedom Alliance

Increased violence –> encouraged Mandela and De Klerk to reach negotiations

Assassination of Chris Hani (SACP leader) in 1993 by a member of the AWB –> violence increased killing 72 more people

49 people killed in Boipatong by IFP members

77
Q

Political factors in the end of apartheid - De Klerk coming to power

A

Changed attitude towards the NAC: had been holding secret meetings since 1986, made public –> dispelling the notion that the ANC was unreasonable and incapable of negotiation

Mandela was released and in 1989 both agreed to work together to negotiate a peaceful and lasting settlement

Abolished press censorship and the death penalty, allowing the government to talk openly with opposition groups and hold democratic elections

Release of political prisoners and those in exile could return

78
Q

Political factors in the end of apartheid - rising visibility of the ANC and declining popularity for NP

A

Release of Mandela - high profile event that sparked hope for a peaceful transition from apartheid

Mandela’s response to the assassination of Chris Hani vs De Klerk’s decision to deploy police against protestors –> Mandela as stronger more compassionate leader

79
Q

Problems facing the National Party and the ANC in the transition to democracy in South Africa - overview

A

Violence

Tensions between Mandela and De Klerk

Logisitical issues

80
Q

First problem facing the National Party and the ANC in the transition to democracy in South Africa

A

VIOLENCE

Lead-up to transition to democracy –> rise of violence and dissent

AWB and IFP - extremist groups –> Freedom Alliance

Assassination of Chris Hani (SACP leader) in 1993 by AWB member –> 72 more people dying as a result of AWB and IFP attacks

Biopatong - 49 people killed by 200 IFP members –> Mandela accused governments of complicity in the attack and withdrawing ANC from negotiations

27 people killed at Sebokeng (IFP members murdered ANC demonstrators) –> Mandela accused De Klerk of deliberately allowing the killings to occur, alleging the police had been warned of the attacks but did nothing

81
Q

Second problem facing the National Party and the ANC in the transition to democracy in South Africa

A

Tensions between Mandela and De Klerk - breakdowns in multiparty negotiations

CODESA: set up to start a dialogue about a new constitution with the 19 governments representing the major parties agreeing to establish an interim government

IFP refused to sign a new constitution as they wished to preserve the autonomy of the bantustans

De Klerk and Mandela constantly criticised one another in the media

1990 government discovered Operation Vula: seemed to show the ANC preparing for revolution –> led to NP accusing the ANC of not being committed to a peaceful agreement

1992: after violence in Biopatung, ANC called a two-day strike, with Mandela leading 50,000 supporters to government buildings to call for action

82
Q

Third problem facing the National Party and the ANC in the transition to democracy in South Africa

A

Logistical issues during SA’s first democratic election in 1994

Dubbed a “technical shamble”, SA had no voter roles or infrastructure for election –> huge queues + fears many would not get to vote

IFP leader petitioning for the South Sfrican Electoral Commission (IEC) to extend voting amidst widespread accusations of sabotage and an unfair process by both the IFP and ANC

IFP’s last minute decision to take part in the election –> printing of 18 million stickers a week before polling, printed overseas in the UK and then flown to SA

Highly messy and some stickers failed to reach voting stations

83
Q

Solutions overview

A

Mandela’s strong leadership, succesful negotaitons and effective organisation by the SOuth African Electoral Commission (IEC)

84
Q

Solution to the violence

A

Mandela’s leadership

Chris Hani’s speech: passionatley told the audience that the “killing must stop” and condemned De Klerk for not stanfing against the AWB

Rallied the people together

Highlighted the need for Apartheid to end

85
Q

Solution to the tension

A

Skilful negotiators Cyril Ramaphosa and Roelf Meyer

Maintained a dialogue despite tensions

September 1992: “Record of understanding” - signed to acknowledge commitment to reaching a deal to end the violence

1992 Sunset Clause suggested by Joe Slovo
- five year democratically elected coalition government with concessions and guarantees to all sides

  • ensured job security for civil servants who served under the apartheid regime
  • enabled any party with over 5% of the vote to appoint a member of government

Multiparty negotiations resumed in 1993, with an agreement reached over a new constitution

86
Q

Solution to logistical problems

A

Law Amendment allowing IFP to be written on ballot papers

IEC consisted of extremely dedicated volunteers

Managed the elections of national, provincial and municipal legislative bodies allowing for information analysis departments to make sense of reports from election monitors –> aware of any threats to the election

Modern History (4 decks)

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