Apartheid in South Africa 1960-1994 Flashcards
(205 cards)
1
Q
What does PAC stand for
A
Pan Africanist Congress
2
Q
What does ANC stand for
A
African National Congress
3
Q
What does UDF stand for
A
United Democratic Front
4
Q
What was the name of the ANC’s military wing
A
Umkhonto de Sizwe
5
Q
Other names for Umkhonto de Sizwe
A
‘The Spear of the Nation’ and ‘MK’
6
Q
What does BCM stand for
A
Black Consciousness Movement
7
Q
What does Apartheid mean in Afrikaans
A
Apartness
8
Q
What did the white minority fear?
A
The majority black, ‘swart gevaar’ or ‘black danger’
9
Q
What is the ‘Winds of Change’ Speech
A
WoC speech was a speech delivered by British PM, Harold Macmillan, which made clear his belief that segregation and racism was ending, and should end in S.A
10
Q
What did S.A deem decolonisation to be
A
A betrayal of S.A. and the ‘white man’
11
Q
What were the four groups of population in S.A
A
- Whites
- Coloureds
- Asians
- Blacks/Africans (the indigenous people)
12
Q
What percentage of S.A’s population was WHITE in 1960
A
19.3% of S.A’s population
13
Q
What percentage of S.A’s population was BLACK in 1960
A
68.3% of S.A’s population
14
Q
Define ideology
A
A set of beliefs or principles, especially one on which a political system is based
15
Q
What was the ideological foundation of APARTHEID
A
That the different races in S.A needed to be separated for their own benefit
16
Q
What did Afrikaners believe races living together was
A
That is was; impossible, impracticable and ungodly for different races to live together
17
Q
What are Afrikaners
A
White people living in South Africa, from Dutch/German decent
18
Q
What was the policy of Separate Development
A
Separate Development consisted of racial apartness which became the political and legal doctrine of apartheid
19
Q
What were Bantustans
A
Ethnic tribal homelands for black people
20
Q
What was the key function of BANTUSTANS
A
To keep blacks and whites separated entirely, to keep the white race ‘pure’.
21
Q
What were the POLITICAL issues in South Africa in 1960
A
- Attempted decolonisation was a betrayal of S.A and ‘white man’
- Both the UN and Organisation of African Unity (OAU) demanded S.A end its racial policies
- ‘Winds of Change’ speech by British PM
22
Q
What were the ECONOMIC issues in South Africa in 1960
A
- S.A had maintained its economic ties with US + Britain
- S.A economy was booming in 1960s due to cheap black labour and mining minerals
- Despite S.A’s prosperity, blacks lived in poverty
23
Q
What were the SOCIAL AND DEMOGRAPHIC issues in South Africa in 1960
A
- By 1960, S.A population was classified into 4 groups
1. White
2. Coloured
3. Asians
4. Blacks
24
Q
What did Frederick R. Tomlinson advise the S.A government regarding apartheid
A
- That separation of races would work if govt funded it
> Major reason why Apartheid fell - Recommended that Homelands/Bantustans were set-up and become Bantu homelands
25
What was the white govt. paranoid about
- Swaart gevaar
26
What did the white govt do in 1960s regarding the 'Swaart gevaar'
- Instituted influx control laws
> Limited number of Pass Books to black S.A's to limit movement
**It was necessary to have a Pass Book to travel in S.A**
27
From when did black S.A's have to carry a Pass Book
1952
28
What are Pass Raids
Police conducted raids, checking that all black S.A's had a Pass Book, or they were beaten and arrested
29
Legislation regarding Mixed Marriages
Prohibition of mixed marriages, 1949: Registration of marriage between white and other races was ILLEGAL
30
Legislation regarding Population Grouping
Population Registration Act, 1950: Classification of population into 4 groups;
- White
- Coloured
- Asian
- Black
31
Legislation regarding Pass Books
The Natives Act, 1952: Enforced them to be carried by all men living in 'white areas'
32
Topics of the 5 legislation from instituted from 1949-1953
- Mixed Marriages
- Pass Books
- Population groupings
- Bantustans
- Separate amenities
33
Legislation regarding Bantustans
The Natives Act, 1952: Enforced Pass Books to be carried by all black S.A's over 16 living in 'white areas'.
34
Legislation regarding Separate Amenities
Separate Amenities Act, 1953: Marked out public areas and services with 'European Only', 'Coloured's', etc. signs
35
What happened to white people that protested
They were ostracised by their community
36
What was Black communication in terms of?"
A Master-Servant relationship
37
What did Elderly black men refer white children as
Baas or 'master'
38
What were black men (regardless of age) known as
Kaffir or 'boys'
39
Black townships in the 1960s
- Facilities and services in black towns were inferior to white ones in ever aspect
- Overcrowded, poverty stricken as well as infertile soil that made self-sufficiency impossible
40
3 main principles of apartheid policy
- No political rights for black people
- Influx control and apartheid in industry
- Separate Development for black people in their own territories
41
What was S.A's international standing in the 1960s
- Started to face international criticism over apartheid, yet diplomatic, economic and sporting ties still existed
42
Stat of who owned land by how much people
80% of S.A's land was owned by 10% of its population
43
What was South Africa's ECONOMY like in the 1960s
- Booming > Mining, minerals and cheap black labour were reasons for economic boom
- White population lived comfortably as a result
- Blacks lived in poverty, although they were the back-bone of the economy
44
What was the NATURE of the ANC
- Initially created as the South African Native National Congress (SANNC) in 1912
- Very passive, non-violent organisation that hoped to improve civil rights for Africans under the white govt. apartheid regime
45
What was the NATURE of the PAC
- PAC was formed as a splinter-group due to belief that the ANC's approach toward civil rights was too passive
- Devoted to a more confrontational approach
46
What was the GROWTH of the ANC
- AIM: To encourage mass protests, boycotts of white services and passive resistance
- Adopted resistance behaviours during apartheid > Known as Program of Action
- Did not represent majority of blacks
- Members of the ANC Youth League demanded a more assertive program of action
- Only later adopted more aggressive approach, with the Umkhonto de Sizwe
47
What was the GROWTH of the PAC
- Headed by Robert Sobukwe
- Envisaged "independence" through united resistance
> Pan-Africanist meaning all Africans can unite bcs. of their commonalities
- Drew support from areas the ANC wasn't popular in, such as the Langa area.
48
What was the IMPACT of the ANC
The Defiance Campaign proveed unsuccessful due to harsh government repression. Police simply continued to respond to ANC's protests with violence and shooting, killing protestors
> Forced to call of Defiance Campaign
49
What was the IMPACT of the PAC
- Moved to a more violent approach of much more confrontation and violence
- However, PAC organised Sharpeville mass protest against Pass Laws, ended in police opening fire, killing 69 and wounding 180
> PAC and ANC banned by Govt.
50
What was ANC's policy
Policy: Non racial democratic freedom for all races
51
What was PAC's policy
To stand for oppressed African people. Claiming that black people along should be responsible for policy changes without white interference
52
What 'type' of organisations were ANC and PAC
ANC: Moderate
PAC: Extremist
53
What was the Defiance Campaign
A number of non-violent protests with the aim of deliberately but politely break apartheid laws such as curfews and Pass Laws.
Not effective due to govt repression
> Police responded with extreme violence, thousands of protests jailed/fined
54
What was Program of Action
The assertive mass protest adopted by ANC in 1949.
| Was ANC's primary strategy against the apartheid regime. Considered to be too passive
55
What were Pass Books
Like a passport, used in apartheid to classify/identify anyone that wasn't white.
Blacks and coloureds were forced to carry at all times or risk being arrested/fined
56
What was the Freedom Charter
Demands compiled by members of the Congress Alliance.
Members of the Congress Alliance travelled around S.A collecting demands for a 'just and free society'
Became an ideology
57
What was the Congress Alliance
Following the fail of the Defiance Campaign, a number of groups formed the Congress Alliance
- ANC
- South African Council of Trade Unions
- South African Indian Congress
- Coloured Peoples Association
58
What was the Sharpeville Massacre
PAC organised protest against Pass Laws, consisted of thousands of demonstrators to convey their opposition to Pass Laws
> Police opened fire killing 69, wounding 180
59
When was the Sharpeville Massacre
21 March 1960
60
What did the Sharpeville Massacre ultimately show the White govt?
That apartheid could be maintained through the elimination of anti-apartheid political organisations
61
What were the implications of the Sharpeville Massacre for non-white S.A's
- ANC & PAC banned and forced underground
| - ANC & PAC both changed their approach to a more militant one
62
What was the ANC's Military wing
Umkhonto de Sizwe, "The Spear of the Nation" (MK)
63
What was the PAC's Military wing
Poqo
64
What was significant about PAC's 'Poqo'
It was the first black organisation that openly accepted taking of human life as part of its strategy
65
What happened simultaneously to the Sharpeville Massacre
Protest in the Langa Township, PAC was demonstrating and 20,000~ protestors gathered
66
What happened in Langa, at the same time as Sharpeville
- 20,000~ protestors gathered
- Stones throwing at police
- Police opened fire, killing 2 and wounding 49
67
What is, Phillip Kgosana's protest
Local PAC leader, Phillip Kgosana led 30,000 to the House of Parliament to protest against police violence.
Police didnt have numbers so they compromised and suspended Pass Laws
68
What happened to the protest regarding Pass Laws led by Kgosana
Pass Laws were suspended "superficially" as Police didnt have enough numbers vs protestors
> Next day: Kgosana arrested and Pass Law suspension lifted
69
What happened to the leadership of anti-apartheid groups by 1964
Most of the internal leadership had been arrested and jailed
70
Sentence about Mandela as head of the Umkhonto de Sizwe
Mandela established Umkhonto de Sizwe as a military wing for the passive ANC to demonstrate a change in oppositional force
71
Metaphor describing the Umkhonto de Sizwe
The Umkhonto de Sizwe was the 'engine' behind the plan to bring apartheid to an end
72
What did Mandela believe about the Umkhonto de Sizwe
Mandela believed that a non-violent approach was ineffective and decided tactics needed to be reconsidered
73
What did Mandela push the MK towards
Mandela pushed the MK towards acts of sabotage against the white govt.
74
When did the MK's sabotage acts begin
December 1961
75
What was the objective of the MK's sabotage acts
To harm the white economy and bring national attention to the ANC's cause
76
What was Mandela's nickname
'the black pimpernel' from a movie about a hero with a secret identity
77
Where were the the Rivonia trial members hiding prior to trial
Lilliesleaf Farm in Rivonia, Johannesburg
78
What did Police find the MK executives planning
They were planning Operation Mayibuye
79
What was Operation Mayibuye
A large-scale military action meaning
| 'bringing back what we lost'
80
What were the MK executives charged with
Treason
81
Anti-apartheid laws during the treason trial of MK executives
Anti-apartheid laws were strengthened
82
White govts. reaction to Operation Mayibuye plans
White govt. was outraged that a banned organisation was planning a black revolution
83
Mandela quote from treason trial
"It felt like we were going to hang no matter what we said, so we may as well say what we truly believed"
84
Statement about disregarding accounts in treason trial
White state would disregard their accounts, so they decided to inform the world of their struggle in the resistance against apartheid
85
3 immediate effects of the Rivonia Trial
- Creation of the South African Students Organisation (SASO)
- International pressure + sanctions placed on S.A
- Growth of resistance, such as the 'Free Mandela' movement
86
What did the white community of S.A see the MK at the Rivonia Trial
As 'traitors and terrorists'
87
What did MK executives face in prison
Withdrawn death penalty but still life in prison
88
What did Mandela become after the Rivonia Trial
An international figure-head in anti-apartheid protests
89
What was Mandela a symbol of
Liberation struggle
90
Mandela prisoner number
Number 46664
91
Mandela release priority
Mandela's release was the Number 1 priority as it was believed he could bring an end to apartheid
92
What did the White govt try to do to Mandela
Keep him silenced
93
Economic Sanctions imposed on S.A, name 3.
- Students in England and US protested to demand disinvestment of their banks from S.A
- 1986, European Common Market banned purchase of S.A iron and steel
- 1987, 250 international companies withdrew
94
What was S.A after these economic sanctions
Not able to sustain economically through domestic activities as it once could.
Economically vulnerable and dependent on the rest of the world
95
Sporting Sanction on S.A
Gleneagles Agreement, 1977
> Commonwealth countries agreed to discourage contact/competition with teams from S.A
96
When did Mandela join the ANC and what did he do
Mandela joined the ANC in 1944 and became a leader of its Youth League
97
What did Mandela achieve in the ANC prior to 1955
- Late 1940s Defiance Campaign
| - 1955, drafting of the Freedom Charter
98
Mandela as a target of govt.
Due to Mandela's anti-apartheid activism, he was a constant target of authorities
99
What did the banning of the ANC and PAC do to the anti-apartheid political scene
The banning of the ANC and PAC had left a political void
100
What filled the void left by the banned ANC & PAC
The Black Consciousness Movement (BCM) led by Stephen Biko
101
How did Biko establish the theories of the BCM
Biko took theories from the BC/Black Rights movements in the US and applied them to the struggle vs apartheid
102
What did Biko form following the BCM
Biko formed the South African Students Organisation (SASO)
103
What was SASO
It was a breakaway group from the National Union of Students
104
What did the SASO demand
The SASO demanded change, arguing whites wouldn't take the necessary steps
105
SASO change and black culture statement
Only pride in black culture and advancement of Black Consciousness would end apartheid
106
Why wouldn't whites be able to take the steps to bring change
They were too accustomed to the racist policies of apartheid
107
How did Biko gain more attention to the BCM
He opened Community Health Clinics (such as Zanempilo CHC) to give free medical care
108
What did the CHC achieve for Biko
Saw Biko gain national and international attention
109
What was the result of Biko's attention as well as his criticisms of apartheid + year
1977: Detained without trial, beaten into a coma and subsequent death
110
What happened to the BCM + CHC following Biko's death
The BCM and CHC were immediately banned
111
What was the BCM philosophy
Self-empowerment, education and independence
112
What did the BCM philosophy do to the black youth
It greatly fuelled a sense of political militancy amongst black youth
113
What was P.W Botha's 1975 policy
That half the subjects in schools would be taught in Afrikaans ('language of the oppressor' as Desmond Tutu said it)
114
What did P.W Botha's 1975 policy mean
As most black teachers couldn't teach in Afrikaans. Students realised this was to prepare them as servants
115
What was the June 1976 protest about
The Soweto Uprising.
- School children rioting against; teachings in Afrikaans, overcrowding, high fees and lack of resources
116
What happened in the Soweto Uprising
The Soweto Uprising was eventually crushed after police opened fire, killing between 200 and 700+
117
What was the impact of the Soweto Uprising
The Soweto Uprising had a major impact on white society
| > They could no longer ignore the demands for change
118
Statement about Soweto Uprising and its impact
The events at the Soweto Uprising were a major turning point in the resistance against apartheid
119
What did Botha Announce in Mid 1980s
That S.A was facing a 'total onslaught' in every aspect of its national life
120
What did Botha do to counter Total Strategy
Announced a policy of 'Total Strategy'
121
What is Total Strategy
Every aspect of white S.A would resist internal/external enemies. It aimed to counter 'Total Onslaught'
122
Why did Botha announce Total Strategy
To counter 'Total Onslaught', which was brought on by Botha's fear of a world conspiracy against S.A, led by the communists
123
What were the policy reforms to gain black peoples support
- Removal of petty apartheid laws (separate amenities = less 'public' apartheid
- End segregation in business + employment
- Recognise African Trade Unions
- Repeal laws against Interracial marriages
124
What did the white govt do to reduce township revolts
They planned to provide adequate facilities, housing, water and electricity to black townships to reduce frequency of riots/revolts
125
Name 5 methods of repression used by the govt. as part of Total Strategy
1. Use of legislation
> Internal Security Amendment 1976 (Police granted power to detain individuals seen as a threat to the state)
2. Censorship laws for media
> Biasted reporting of anti-apartheid protests
> Anti-apartheid newspapers shutdown
3. Military personnel increased from 106,000 to 592,000 (from 1961-81)
126
When was the first State of Emergency by P.W Botha
20 July 1985
127
Name 3 common things that happened during the SoE
- Lots of organisations banned
- House arrest was common for many individuals
- Detention without trial was common
> 30,000 people detained from 1985-88
128
What was the Internal Security Amendment Act No.79 of 1976
Granted the police power to deal with individuals who were seen as a threat to the states security
129
Act > Granted the police power to deal with individuals who were seen as a threat to the states security
Internal Security Amendment Act No.79 of 1976
130
What happened to the SABC (South African Broadcasting Corporation)
It was forced to comply with the censorship laws set by the government
131
When was the extension of the SoE
12 June 1986
132
What was added in the extension of the SoE
- Public Safety Act 1953 amended
| - Severe censorship of TV, and media was banned from 'unrest' areas
133
When did the SoE end
1990, lifted by F.W de Klerk
134
What was the amendment to the 'Public Safety Act 1953'
Allowed the govt. to declare 'unrest' areas and allowed measures to be taken to crush protests in these 'unrest' areas
135
Name 3 examples of Political violence in the 1980s
1. Army and Airforce attacks on suspect ANC & PAC bases
2. ANC & PAC retaliated by exploding bombs at restaurants, shopping centres and government buildings
3. By 1985, ANC wanted to make townships 'ungovernable by means of rent boycotts and militant action'
136
What was the Church Street, Pretoria bombing
A car bomb attack on 20 May 1983 by MK (Umkhonto de Sizwe)
Most deadly attack by ANC against the National Party
137
What was the Church Street Bombing in response to
1. Cross-border raid into Lesotho in December 1982, killing 42 ANC supporters
2. Assassination of Ruth First, ANC activist
138
Example of ANC's retaliation to National Party
Church Street Bombing
139
When was the Church Street Bombing
20 May 1983
140
What was the South African security forces
Combination of the police and the South African Defence Force (SADF)
141
What did the SAsf use against black people
- Part time personnel used to help quell the growing violence in 1980s
- Most were coloured/black
- Assigned to areas of unrest
- Contributed to growing hostility btw. Police and public
142
What was set-up to prevent criticism of the govt in 1980s
Counterintelligence operations, spying on all South Africans to prevent criticism of the govt
143
What was the Main goal of the SAsf:
To protect 'key points' and govt. installations such as the Sasol Oil Refinery
144
What was common during the Military state in S.A
It was common for people to be spied on, banished, tortured, jailed in secret, made to disappear, etc.
145
Economic grievance of running S.A as a military state
Large proportion of S.A budget went into making S.A a military state
146
What were the Bantustans
Partially self-governing areas set aside for indigenous African people
147
What legislation created the Bantustans
Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act, 1959
148
What did the Promotion of Bantu Self-Government Act, 1959 do
Designed to create homelands as separate areas for black S.A to live in
149
Who proposed the idea of Bantustans
Hendrik Verwoerd, Minister for Native Affairs
150
What idea was Verwoerd keen to push
Idea of Separate Development for all blacks
151
What did people see the black tribal chiefs in Bantustans as
'Lackeys' of the white govt.
152
What was the ROLE of Bantustans
- To make the rest of the world 'happy' and make it appear as if S.A was moving towards removing apartheid
- To preserve 'white S.A'
153
How many Bantustans were created
10
154
What was the SIGNIFICANCE of Bantustans
Highly significant for 'white S.A', seen as a solution to the 'Swaart gevaar'
155
Name 4 conditions of Bantustans
1. Overcrowded and impoverished
2. Given the lowest quality land (infertile, self-sufficiency impossible)
3. Heavily dependent on white subsidies
4. Public services/amenities were insufficient/completely absent
156
Figure about Bantustans area and population compared to white area and population
13% of S.A land was for Bantustans, which was made to accommodate for 80% of S.A's population
157
What was insufficient in Bantustans
Services and amenities, such as; schools, hospitals, public transport, electricity, parks, etc
158
Was independence attempted to be given to Bantustans
- Gave Bantustans their own president
- Gave some administrative powers
> All superficial though
159
Was the Bantustans independence real or superficial
Superficial.
> Still completely reliant on white govt. for economy and couldn't make their own policies
160
What was the second phase of 'Total Strategy'
To protect S.A's borders from neighbouring countries who were instituting black rights and decolonisation
161
What was the Buffer Zone
A no-mans land along to stem increasing raids by black nationalists
162
Countries in Buffer Zone
Angola, and other Marxist supported countries that were determined to support the ANC and rid S.A of apartheid
163
What was the policy of Forward Defence by the SADF
Carrying out undercover cross-border operations about neighbours and ANC
164
What was the main goal of the SADF in Forward Defence
To destabilise S.A's neighbours by supporting countries opposing revolutionary forces, causing civil wars
165
Name 3 examples of SADF's Forward Defence strategy
- SADF illegally occupying Namibia
- SADF assisted UNITA, a military opposition force in Angola
- SADF supplied arms and financial aid to the Mozambique National Resistance (MNR)
166
How did Forward Defence FAIL
- Cuban Army aided Angola
> S.A expected US support which did not eventuate
- SADF & MNR failed to destabilise Mozambique govt.
> Lead to the Nkomati Accord
167
What was the Nkomati Accord
- S.A would not interfere in Mozambique's affairs
| - Mozambique would not aid the ANC
168
Other than cross-border attacks, what did SADF do as a part of Forward Defence
- Built a wire fencing along the border of Zimbabwe
| - Station farmer Commando units to monitor border movement
169
What was the International Response to S.A's policy by 1980's
- Following Soweto Uprising in 1976, S.A faced fierce international condemnation
- U.N called to abandon apartheid after Sharpeville Massacre occured
- Economic sanctions applied
170
Example of SPORTING sanctions
Gleneagles Agreement 1977
171
What was the Gleneagles Agreement 1977
> Commonwealth countries agreed to discourage contact/competition with teams from S.A
172
Name 4 examples of ECONOMIC sanctions
1. US movement of disinvestment
2. Threats by MNC's in S.A to treat employees equally or they'll withdraw
3. By 1987, 250 international companies had withdrawn from S.A
4. Purchase bans of; arms importation, investment in banks, computers,
173
What was the effect of companies withdrawing from S.A
S.A's economy was severely damaged
> Inflation rising 15% p.a
174
What was a international societal response in the 1980s to apartheid
Anti-apartheid and 'Free Mandela' movements grew stronger
175
What were POLITICAL factors contributing to the end of apartheid
(3 examples)
- ANC, PAC and UDF still protesting
- Creation of the UDF
- Total Strategy had failed > it hadn't stopped anti-apartheid groups
176
What were ECONOMIC factors contributing to the end of apartheid
(2 examples)
- Economic sanctions burdened S.A's economy
| - Apartheid no longer economically sustainable or viable
177
What were SOCIAL factors contributing to the end of apartheid
(3 examples)
- High levels of violence
- White people suffering liberties under censorship and rigid laws of military state
- Many whites opposed apartheid due to rejection by the world
178
What was the UDF
A resistance group against apartheid.
Consisted of a United Front of resistance groups
179
What does UDF stand for
United Democratic Front
180
What were the goals of the UDF
To fight the introduction of the 'Tricameral Parliament' and advocate rent/consumer boycotts, school protests and worker stay-aways
181
What was the Tricameral Parliament
| Name 3 qualities
A new parliament to which gave a limited political voice to Coloured and Indian people
- Power was superficial
- Blacks still excluded
182
What were township revolts regarding the Tricameral Parliament
- Black protests against the Tricameral Parliament as they still do not get a political voice
- UDF was not responsible, yet used as a scape goat
183
What was the Pietermaritzburg and Delmas Treason Trials
Trials of detained UDF leaders for the township revolts regarding Tricameral Parliament
184
What did the govt claim in the Pietermaritzburg and Delmas Treason Trials
(Quote)
"Its ideas, its modes of operating, its very existence" to be an act of treason
185
Provide 2 examples of violent incidents involving police violence in 1985
- March 1985: Following numerous stone throwing protestor incidents, police issued with heavy ammunition, leading to deaths of 6 young men
15 October 1985, Trojan Horse Massacre: South African Railways truck drove up/down a road, a stone was thrown at it, members of the SAsf leapt out of barrels and opened fire
186
What was the UDF's action of choice
Consumer boycotts to create negative effect on white economy
187
What was the Pollsmoor Prison March
UDF organised march to Pollsmoor prison (where Mandela was imprisoned), meant to be peaceful, Police opened fire and killed 28 people
188
Approx. how many ppl killed in the first 6months of SoE
600+ deaths in first 6 months of SoE
189
What were the 2 reforms to apartheid law in 1986
- 1986, Botha abolished Pass Books
| - Lifted ban on Interracial Marriages
190
How was international pressure against apartheid exemplified
- Through political movements and international condemnation
191
What were the major forms of international pressure
| 4 examples
1. 'Free Mandela' movement
2. Sporting sanctions, i.e: Gleneagles Agreement
3. Severe international criticism
4. Economic sanctions
192
Statement regarding the festering grievances
The festering social, political and economic grievances in all sectors of the S.A population left the preservation of apartheid completely untenable by the start of the 1990s
193
Why did P.W Botha resign
Due to a mild stroke and failure of Total Strategy
194
Who took over after P.W Botha
F.W de Klerk
195
What was de Klerk determined to do
To steer S.A toward ending Apartheid
196
What did de Klerk do on 2 February 1990
On 2 February de Klerk opened parliament and began dismantling apartheid
197
3 Examples of de Klerk dismantling apartheid
- Rescinded ban on the ANC, PAC, UDF + 30 more
- Freed political prisoners (such as Mandela)
- Suspended death sentence
198
When was Mandela released from prison
11 February 1990
199
What happened on 11 February 1990
Mandela was released from prison
200
Name 3 problems facing the National Party regarding transition to democracy
- Traditional rulers wanted to maintain 'white rule'
- Right-wing extremists vowed to prevent free elections and to assassinate Mandela
- White extremists let off bombs and interrupted democracy meetings such as CODESA
201
Name 3 problems facing the ANC regarding transition to democracy
- Conflicts when negotiating with the National Party (extremist interruptions)
- ANC members anxious to embrace democracy for first time
- Assassination of Chris Hani (national hero) by 2 extremists
202
When was the first openly democratic election
27 April 1994
203
What happened on 27 April 1994
First openly democratic election
204
Who won the first openly democratic election
The ANC
205
Who was President and VP after the election
```
President = Mandela
VP = F.W de Klerk
```
