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Semester 2 > APES: Mining and Agriculture > Flashcards

APES: Mining and Agriculture Flashcards

(60 cards)

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1
Q

Mining

A

extraction of valuable minerals or other geological materials from the earth, usually from an ore

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2
Q

placer deposits

A

valuable minerals contained within river gravels, beach sands, and other unconsolidated materials

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3
Q

lode deposits

A

valuable minerals found in veins, in layers, or in mineral grains generally distributed throughout a mass of actual rock

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4
Q

surface mining

A

done by removing (stripping) surface vegetation, dirt, and if necessary, layers of bedrock in order to reach buried ore deposits

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5
Q

open-pit mining

A

recovery of materials from an open pit in ground, resource is close to the surface but extends horizontally and vertically

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6
Q

strip mining

A

stripping surface layers off of to reveal ore/seams underneath

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7
Q

mountaintop removal

A

commonly associated with coal mining, which involves taking the top off a mountain to reach deposits at depth. Most placer deposits are mined by surface methods

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8
Q

subsurface mining

A

digging tunnels or shafts into the earth to reach buried ore deposits. Ore is brought to the surface through the tunnels and shafts

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9
Q

drift mining

A

utilizes horizontal access tunnels (subsurface)

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10
Q

slope mining

A

uses diagonally sloping access shafts (subsurface)

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11
Q

shaft mining

A

consists of vertical access shafts (subsurface)

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12
Q

ore

A

commercially valuable deposits of concentrated minerals that can be harvested and used as raw materials

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13
Q

reserve

A

the known amount of a resource left that can be mined. usually measured in years left of extraction

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14
Q

metals

A

elements that conduct electricity, heat, and have structural properties for building

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15
Q

overburden

A

soil, vegetation, and rocks that are removed to get to an ore deposit below

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16
Q

tailings and slag

A

leftover waste material separated from the valuable metal or mineral within ore

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17
Q

grade

A

concentration of ore mineral-higher grade are mined first

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18
Q

gangue

A

worthless rock or other material in which valuable minerals are found

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19
Q

smelting

A

separate the metal from the other elements in the ore mineral

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20
Q

spoils

A

waste material

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21
Q

mine reclamation steps

A
  1. filling of empty mine shafts/hole
  2. restoring original contours of land
  3. returning topsoil, with acids, metals, and tailings removed
  4. replanting of native plants to restore community to as close to original state as possible
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22
Q

coal mining produces…

A

particulates, mercury, sulfur dioxide, CO2, toxic metals, methane, air and noise pollution

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23
Q

arid climates impact on mining

A

low precipitation leads to lower transport and exposure of mine waste contaminants would not be widespread. results in more salinization of soil and erosion, which leads to decrease in vegetation and wildlife

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24
Q

temperate climates impact on mining

A

vegetation removal, habitat fragmentation

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25
surface mining impact on air
dust from earth moving equipment
26
subsurface mining impact on air
lower dust emissions from fossil fuels to power equipment
27
surface mining impact on water
contamination of water that percolates through tailings
28
surface mining impact on soil
most soil removed from site; may be replaced through reclamation
29
surface mining impact on biodiversity
habitat alteration and destruction
30
surface mining impact on humans
minimal in the process but air and water quality can be affected
31
subsurface mining impact on water
acid mine drainage, contamination of water through tailings
32
subsurface mining impact on biodiversity
road construction to mines, fragment habitat
33
subsurface mining impact on humans
occupational hazards - death or respiratory disease like black lung
34
arsenic
occurs naturally but may be found in hazardous waste sits; part of the smelter dust from copper, gold, and lead smelters
35
cadmium
ore is being processed or semelted
36
lead
smelting operations
37
mercury
mining and refining of gold and silver
38
ecosystem effects due to tailings
copper minerals or surrounding minerals contain sulfur, as precip falls on tailings, water seeps through the rock, H20 and O2 react to create sulfuric acid, bacteria, solubulitiy of metal increases with a decrease in pH, leaches-iron, copper, lead, nickel, arsenic
39
Impacts of mining
rainwater carrier sulfuric acid into nearby streams, or infiltrates ground water, lowers pH of water, toxic metals = soluble and kills aquatic organisms
40
methane release
(impact of mining) coal mining releases methane gas from rock around coal
41
acid mine drainage
rainwater leaks into abandoned mine tunnels and mixes with pyrite -> sulfuric acid. Leads to topsoil erosion, habitat loss and increased stream turb.
42
PM release
coal mining especially, releases lots of soot and other particulates that can irritate human and animal lungs
43
solution to mining problems
heap leach extraction, - crushed tailings and piled into a tank or plastic liner - sulfuric acid solution is sprayed - solution dissolves metals from the rock -resulting solution is collected and refined
44
heap leach extraction
used to pure copper from copper oxide minerals
45
equation of heap leach extraction
Fe + Cu2+ -------> Fe2+ + Cu
46
Gold mining
open-pit mines - produced 8-10x more waste than underground mining, uses cyanide leaching process
47
problems with cyanide
it may get into surrounding land water, metal mining is most toxic pollution
48
countour farming
rolling hills, follow shape of land : reduces soil erosion, improves water quality, but it may be more labor intensive
49
windbreaks
slows wind - reduces the amount of wind and keeps soil erosion to a minimum, reduction in rate of soil loss, and is cheap. Although, it may take a while to develop
50
strip cropping
planting different crops on alternation strips. Reduces erosion, and improves water quality. It may cause plant diseases and pests, expensive, and labor intensive
51
cover crop
crop catches excess nutrients, and increases moisture. Increases soil health, and biodiversity. It may be expensive and take a long time.
52
no-till plowing
minimizes soil disruption. Increases organic matter, and decreases erosion. herbicides, equipment cost is higher.
53
crop rotation
alternation crops to help the field. SAME FIELD each season. Reduced fertilizer use, and prevents soil erosion. Excess fertility, soil compaction, may not be suited for all crops
54
terracing
soil conservation technique that involves ridges and channels to prevent soil erosion and water runoff. It could cause an interference with water circulation, deterioration of soil quality, crop loss.
55
hydroponics
indoor farming, uses water in places of soil. More space and water efficient. Leads to quicker disease spread, and expensive.
56
spray irrigation
farmers use pipes to flood water on the field. Recyclable runoff. May cause water logging, water waste and is inefficient.
57
furrow irrigation
ditches - water spreads evenly. It's cheap, easy, and no maintenance. But it is not efficient, runoff, and poor distribution.
58
drip irrigation
water drips into the soil. Controls water access to weeds, solar energy, and allows nutrients to get to roots, efficient. Can clog water, expensive, and doesn't cover a lot of areas (MOST EFFICIENT)
59
Integrated Pest Management (IPM)
prevention: crop rotation, plant spacing, resistant plant diversity, hygienic practices Intervention: mechanical or physical removal, use of predators, chemicals, pheromones, indicator plants
60
feed lots
animals are overcrowded, manure lagoons, air diseases, pollution to air, 15% global greenhouse gas emissions, methane

Semester 2 (3 decks)

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