APES Unit 3c

Question 1

saltwater examples

Answer 1

estuaries, coastlines, coral reefs, coastal marshes, mangrove swamps, oceans

Question 2

freshwater examples

Answer 2

lakes, rivers, ponds, stream, inland wetalnds

Question 3

how is salt formed in saltwater

Answer 3

derived from breaking and cooling of igneous rocks, wearing down of mountains, and rain and streams transporting minerals

Question 4

coastal zone

Answer 4

nutrient-rich, shallow water from high tide to continental shelf

Question 5

estuary

Answer 5

partially enclosed area of coastal water - seawater mixes with freshwater and nutrients from rivers, streams, and runoff

Question 6

benefits of estuaries

Answer 6

stirs up nutrients, filter sediments and pollutants, reduce storm damage, provide food and habitat for aquatic species

Question 7

intertidal zone

Answer 7

area of shoreline between low and high tides - hard to live here - frequent tide changes and salinity levels - most hold on or dig in to deal with the changes in tide

Question 8

barrier island

Answer 8

low narrow sandy islands that form offshore from a coastline - help protect mainland - estuaries and coastal wetlands from storm waves

Question 9

coral reefs

Answer 9

form in clear, warm, fairly shallow, high salinity coastal waters of tropics and subtropics with little to no nutrients (composed of calcium carbonate, and they grow slowly and are easily disrupted)

Question 10

what forms carbonic acid (H2CO3)

Answer 10

CO2+H2O

Question 11

Euphotic zone

Answer 11

lighted upper zone, nutrient levels are low, DO is high (populated by large predatory fish)

Question 12

Bathyal zone

Answer 12

dimly lit middle zone, no photosynthesizing producers (populated by zooplankton and smaller fish)

Question 13

Abyssal zone

Answer 13

dark and very cold with little amounts of DO; high in nutrients (nutrients are from dead and decaying organisms

Question 14

Littoral zone

Answer 14

type of freshwater life zone - shallow waters at the shoreline, high biological diversity, plants and animals receive abundant sunlight

Question 15

Limnetic zone

Answer 15

open sunlit water - surface layer away from the shore, producers supply food and oxygen to most lake consumers

Question 16

profundal zone

Answer 16

deep open water no light, low oxygen levels

Question 17

benthic zone

Answer 17

nourished by detritus that falls from the zones above and sediment washing into the lake, very low temperatures and low oxygen levels

Question 18

thermocline

Answer 18

distinct temperature barrier between a surface layer of warmer water and the colder, deeper water underneath (can prevent dissolved oxygen from getting to the lower layer and vital nutrients from getting to the upper layer)

Question 19

oligotrophic

Answer 19

newly formed lake with a small supply of plant nutrients (deep with steep banks, little sediment - clear water with small populations of phytoplankton and fish

Question 20

Eutrophic

Answer 20

layer of excessive supply of nutrients (shallow, murky brown or green water, poor visibility, dense fish population)

Question 21

Mesotrophic lakes

Answer 21

in between

Question 22

surface water

Answer 22

water in rivers, lakes, oceans

Question 23

runoff

Answer 23

part of irrigation water, precipitation, or snow melt that appears in uncontrolled surface streams, rivers, drains, or sewers

Question 24

watershed

Answer 24

area of land where all of the water that is under it or drains off of it goes into the same place

Question 25

lake

Answer 25

body of relatively still water of considerable size, localized in a basin, that is surrounded by land

Question 26

river

Answer 26

large, combination of tributary streams

Question 27

stream

Answer 27

body of water that flows across the earth's surface via a current and is contained within a narrow channel and banks

Question 28

hydrothermal vents

Answer 28

underwater volcanoes at spreading ridges and convergent plate boundaries produce hot springs

Question 29

chemosynthesis

Answer 29

use of energy released by inorganic chemical reactions to produce food (CO2+4H2S+O2=4S+3H2O)

Question 30

externalities

Answer 30

negative costs associated with human actions that aren't accounted for in the price (unintended side effects)

Question 31

aquaculture

Answer 31

raising fish in captivity for harvest

Question 32

driftnets

Answer 32

high seas drift nets, made of non-biodegradable plastic, suspended vertically in the water with floats attached to the top and weights at the bottom.=

Question 33

problems with driftnets

Answer 33

by-catch, ghost-fishing net becomes detached and is drifting through the ocean

Question 34

Purse seine

Answer 34

large wall of netting deployed around a school of fish, can be difficult to locate fish

Question 35

problems with purse seine

Answer 35

non-selective method - captures everything that it surrounds and there are no regulations for minimizing by-catch

Question 36

Long-lining

Answer 36

uses hundreds of even thousands of baited hooks hanging from a single line, extend for long distances and allowed to drift

Question 37

problems with long-lining

Answer 37

by-catch, ghost-fishing continues to catch even when not intending

Question 38

sonar

Answer 38

sound waves used to locate fish or to see the bottom

Question 39

problems with sonar

Answer 39

targets specific fish quickly

Question 40

by-catch

Answer 40

other species of fish, mammals, or birds being caught when using driftnets, long-lining, and bottom trawling

Question 41

bottom trawling

Answer 41

especially harmful fishing method that involves design a large net along ocean floor

Question 42

Endangered Species Act

Answer 42

lists species that are endangered or threatened, increase their recovery through captive breeding and reintroduction, prohibits harvesting and trading

Question 43

CITES

Answer 43

governs international trade of threatened or endangered plants and animals species, must be ratified by each individual country

Question 44

Marine Mammal Protection

Answer 44

protects all marine mammals

Question 45

fisheries

Answer 45

populations of fish used for commercial fishing

Question 46

fishery collapse

Answer 46

when over fishing causes 90% population decline in a fishery

Question 47

economic consequences of fishery collapse

Answer 47

lost income for fisherman, lost tourism dollars for communities

Question 48

mercury

Answer 48

most toxic non-radioactive element in the world and is released when is burned