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APES Unit 4 Flashcards

1
Q

core

A

Dense mass of solid nickel, iron, and radioactive elements that release massive amount of heat

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2
Q

mantle

A

Liquid layer of magma surrounding core, kept liquified by intense heat from core

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3
Q

asthenosphere

A

Solid, flexible, outer layer of mantle, beneath the lithosphere

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4
Q

Lithosphere

A

Thin, brittle, layer of rock floating on top of mantle (broken up into tectonic plates)

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5
Q

crust

A

Very outer layer of the lithosphere, earth’s surface

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6
Q

divergent plate boundary

A

Plates move away from each other
Rising magma plume from mantle forces plates apart
Forms: mid-oceanic ridges, volcanoes, seafloor spreading, and rift valleys (land)
-Convection cycles

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7
Q

convergent plate boundary

A

Plates move towards each other
Leads to subduction (one plate being forced beneath another)
Forms: Mountains, island arcs, earthquakes, and volcanoes
-Subduction zone

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8
Q

transform fault plate boundary

A

Plates slide past each other in opposite directions
Forms: earthquakes

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9
Q

oceanic-oceanic subduction

A

one plate subducts underneath another
- forces magma up to lithosphere surface, forming mid ocean volcanoes
- island arcs
- off-shore trench

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10
Q

oceanic-continental subduction

A

dense oceanic plate subducts beneath cont plate and melts back into magma
- forces magma up to lithosphere surface
- coastal mtns (andes), land volcanoes, trenches, tsunamis

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11
Q

continental-continental subduction

A

One plate subducts underneath another, forcing surface crust upward (mtns)
ex: Himalayas

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12
Q

transform fault boundary

A

plates sliding past each other in opp directions creates a fault
Earthquakes

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13
Q

Ring of Fire

A

pattern of volcanoes all around pacific plate

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14
Q

hotspots

A

areas of esp hot magma rising up to lithosphere (mid ocean islands)

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15
Q

Soil

A

Mix of geologic and organic components (sand, silt, clay)

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16
Q

Weathering

A

Breakdown of rocks into smaller pieces
Physical, biological, chemical
Weathering = soil formation

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17
Q

Erosion

A

transport of weathered rock fragments by wind and rain
carried to new location and deposited (deposition)

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18
Q

O horizon

A

Layer of organic matter on top of soil. Provides nutrients and limits h2o loss to evap.

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19
Q

A horizon

A

AKA topsoil, layer of humus and minerals from parent material. Most biological activity breaking down organic matter to release nutrients.

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20
Q

B horizon

A

Subsoil, lighter layer below topsoil, mostly made of minerals with little to no organic matter. Contains some nutrients

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21
Q

C horizon

A

Least weathered soil that is closest to parent material, sometimes called bedrock

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22
Q

compaction

A

Compression of soil by machines
Reduces ability to hold moisture
dry soil erodes more easily, supports less plant growth, less root structure

23
Q

nutrient depletion

A

Repeatedly growing crops on the same soil removes key nutrients (N, P, K, Na, Mg) over time
reduces ability to grow future crops

24
Q

porosity

A

Amount of pore space soil has.
More sand = higher porosity
More clay = less porosity

25
permeability
How easily water drains through a soil. More porous = more permeable (positive relationship)
26
h2o holding capacity
how well water is retained, or held by a soil more porous = lower h2o holding capacity (inverse relationship)
27
factors that increase soil nutrients
Organic matter (releases nutrients) Humus (holds and releases nutrients) decomposer activity (recycles nutrients) clay (neg charge binds pos charge) bases (calcium carbonate - limestone)
28
factors that decrease soil nutrients
acids leach pos charge nutrients excessive rain/irr leeches nutrients excessive farming depletes nutrients topsoil erosion
29
nitrogen
mostly in the form of N2 (unuseable to plants without being fixed)
30
oxygen
Produced by photosynthesis in plants and needed for respiration
31
argon
inert, noble gas
32
water vapor
Varies by region and conditions, acts as a temporary GHG, but less concerning than CO2 quickly cycles through atm
33
CO2
Most important GHG, leads to global warming Removed from atm by photosynthesis
34
exosphere
Outermost layer where atm merges with space
35
thermosphere
absorbs harmful xrays and UV radiation charged gas molecules glow under intense solar radiation producing northern lights (aurora borealis) temp increases due to absorption of highly energetic solar radiation (hottest place on earth)
36
mesosphere
60-80 km, even less dense temp decreases bc density decreases, leaving fewer molecules to absorb sun coldest place on earth
37
stratosphere
"S" for second 16-60 km, less dense due to less pressure from layers above thickest O3 layer found here, absorbs UV rays temp increases bc top layer of stratosphere is warmed by UV rays (pool surface)
38
troposphere
Weather occurs here, 0-16 km, most dense due to pressure of other layers above most of atm gas molecules found here O3 here harmful to humans and forms smog temp decreases as air gets further from warmth of earth's surface
39
coriolis effect
Deflection of objects traveling through atm due to spin of earth
40
solar intensity and season
orbit of earth around sun and tilt on axis changes angle of sun's rays varying insolation, varying length of day, and seasons tilt of earth's axis stays fixed during orbit June and Dec solstices: N/S hemisphere maximally tilted toward sun (summer/winter) March and Sept equinoxes: N/S hemisphere equally facing sun
41
March equinox
equator receives most direct insolation N and S hemisphere get 12 hours of sunlight spring in N/fall in S
42
June solstice
N tilted max toward sun Longest day in N (start of summer) Shortest day in S (winter)
43
December solstice
S hem tilted max toward sun Longest day in S (start of summer) Shortest day in N (start of winter)
44
September equinox
Equator receives most direct insolation N and S hemisphere get 12 hours sunlight Fall in N/Spring in S
45
albedo
proportion of light that is reflected by a surface higher/less heat, lower/more heat
46
urban heat island
Urban areas hotter than surrounding rural area due to low albedo of blacktop
47
Rain shadows
Warm, moist air from ocean hits "windward" side of mtn, rises, cools --> lush, green vegetation Dry air descends down "leeward" side, warming as it sinks --> arid desert conditions
48
insolation
The amount of solar radiation and energy that reaches earth's surface
49
gyres
Large ocean circulation patterns due to global wind (clockwise N, counterclockwise S hemisphere)
50
upwelling zones
areas of ocean where winds blow warm surface water away from a land mass, drawing up colder, deeper water to replace brings O2 and nutrients to surface --> productive fishing
51
thermohaline circulation
connects all of world's oceans, mixing salt, nutrients, and temperature throughout warm water from Gulf of Mexico moves toward North Pole cools and evaporates as it moves toward poles saltier and colder water @ poles, is more dense, making it sink spreads along ocean floor rises back into shallow warm ocean current @ upwelling zones
52
El Nino
warmer, rainier suppressed upwelling and less productive fisheries in SA warmer winter in much of NA increased precip and flooding in Americas (W esp) drought in SE Asia and Australia decreased hurricane activity in atl ocean weakened monsoon activity in India and SE Asia
53
La Nina
cooler, drier stronger upwelling and better fisheries in SA than normal worse tornado activity in US and hurricane activity in atl cooler, drier weather in Americas rainier, warmer, increased monsoons in SE Asia

APES (1 decks)

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