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I hate this > Apes Unit 4 > Flashcards

Apes Unit 4 Flashcards

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1
Q

affluence

A

state of having plentiful wealth; the possession of goods, or property

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2
Q

age structure diagram

A

population pyramids that display the number of individuals within specific age groups for a country, divided by gender

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3
Q

biotic potential

A

maximum reproductive rate of a population in ideal conditions (capacity for growth)

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4
Q

carrying capacity (k)

A

determined by biotic potential and environmental resistance ; the maximum population size an environment can sustain

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5
Q

CBR/CDR

A

crude birth rate/crude death rate

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6
Q

Clumping

A

most common pattern

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7
Q

Cohort

A

group of individuals of a certain age/gender in an age structure diagram

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8
Q

Demographic transition model

A

refers to the transition from high to lower birth and death rates in a country or region as development occurs and that country moves from a pre-industrial to an industrialized economic system

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9
Q

Demography

A

the study of statistics such as births, deaths, income, or the incidence of disease, which illustrate the changing structure of human populations

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10
Q

Density-dependent

A

change their intensity depending on the density of the population

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11
Q

density-independent

A

have the same intensity depending on the density of the population

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12
Q

developed country

A

replacement level about 2.0 due to high levels of industrialization and income

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13
Q

developing country

A

2.0 or great is necessary due to high levels of infant/child mortality

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14
Q

dieback

A

sharp reduction in the population of a species when its numbers exceed the carrying capacity of its habitat

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15
Q

doubling time

A

the time it takes for the population to double

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16
Q

exponential growth model

A

growth model that estimates a population’s future size after a period of time based on the intrinsic growth rate and the number of reproducing individuals currently in the population

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17
Q

family planning

A

the effort to plan the number and spacing of children in a family

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18
Q

fecundity

A

the physical ability to reproduce

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19
Q

generalist

A

a species that has a broad niche and is able to adapt to many environmental conditions

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20
Q

immigration

A

movement of individuals into a population

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21
Q

emigration

A

movement of individuals out of a population

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22
Q

inbreeding depression

A

when individuals with similar genotypes (typically relatives) breed with each other and produce offspring that have an impaired ability to survive and reproduce

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23
Q

industrialization

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A

the development of industries in a country or region on a wide scale

24
Q

infant mortality

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A

the death of children under the age of one year

25
child mortality
the death of children between birth and 5 years of age, expressed in 1,000 live births
26
intrinsic growth rate (r)
rate of population growth with unlimited resources
27
J-shaped curve
exponential growth; cannot last indefinitely in real life
28
K-selected
-long term survival -parental care -competitors -constant environmental conditions -close to carrying capacity
29
Life expectancy
the average number of years an individual can be expected to live, given current social, economic, and medical conditions
30
Limiting resource
resource which a population cannot live without and occurs in lower quantities than what's necessary for the population to increase in size
31
Logistic growth model
a growth model that describes a population whose growth is initially exponential, but slows as the population approaches the carrying capacity of the environment
32
Malthus
Thomas Malthus (1766-1834) was an English philosopher known for his study of earth's population and its limits
33
Malthusian theory
believed human population was growing exponentially while our food supply was growing linear, therefore our human population size would eventually exceed the food supply
34
Metapopulation
spatially distinct populations that are connected by occasional movements of individuals among them, using wildlife corridors
35
Mortality
the number of deaths per 1000 people in a population in a given year
36
Net Migration Rate
difference between immigration and emigration in a given year per 1000 people in a country
37
Nt=N0 e^rt
exponential growth equation
38
Overshoot
when a population becomes larger than the environment's carrying capacity
39
population density
the number of individuals per unit area
40
population distribution
the arrangement of individuals in a given area
41
population growth model
mathematical equation that can be used to predict population size at any moment in time
42
population growth rate
the number of offspring in an individual can produce in a given time period
43
population momentum
the effect of current age structure on future population growth
44
population pyramid
represents the breakdown of the population by gender and age at a given point in time
45
population size (N)
number of individuals in a population
46
post-industrialization
the fourth and final stage of the demographic transition model, in which both birth and death rates have fallen to a low level and remain stable there, and populations may even decline slightly
47
pre-industrialization
48
r-selected
-energy into reproduction not survival -poor competitors -opportunists -when favorable conditions hone, population may crash -irregular/unstable cycles
49
random dispersion
tendency for populations to be found randomly about their habitat
50
replacement level
required to offset the average number of deaths in a population to keep population size stable
51
rule of 70
a way to calculate how long it will take for a quantity growing exponentially to double in size (70/percentage growth rate=doubling time in years)
52
sex ratio
ratio of males to females
53
survivorship curve
are used to compare the pattern of mortality between species. the curve shows the number of members of a population that reaches various age groups
54
theory of demographic transition
theory that societies progress from a pre-modern regime of high fertility and high mortality to a post-modern regime of low fertility and low mortality
55
total fertility rate
average number of children a woman produces in a population throughout her life
56
uniform dispersion
equally spread apart

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