APES Unit 9

Question 1

Ozone in stratosphere absorbs __ and most of ___ but not ___

Answer 1

Absorbs UV-C, most of UV-B but not UV-A

Question 2

Human Health benefits of stratospheric ozone:

Answer 2

-prevention of skin cancer and cataracts
-UV-B and C mutate DNA (skin cancer) and cause cataracts

Question 3

____% of sun is reflected back out into space by clouds and atm.

Answer 3

25

Question 4

___% of sun absorbed by atm and clouds radiated out into space and down to earth

Answer 4

19

Question 5

The rest of the sun ______

Answer 5

reaches earth’s surface where it can be absorbed or reflected (depending on the albedo of the surface it strikes)

Question 6

Greenhouse effect idea:

Answer 6

Gases in earth’s atmosphere trap heat from the sun & radiate it back down to earth

Question 7

Greenhouse gases absorb ______ & radiate it both out into ______ and _______

Answer 7

infrared radiation, space and back toward earth

Question 8

Portion coming back to earth is _____

Answer 8

the “greenhouse effect”

Question 9

Why is sea level rising?

Answer 9

-thermal expansion: All the water molecules of ocean moving slightly apart when they are heated leads to sea level rising.
-melting ice: inc GHG ->warmer climate & more melting of continental ice sheets and glaciers and flows into ocean.

Question 10

Env. impacts of sea lvl rising: (3)

Answer 10

-flooding of coastal ecosystems like estuaries
-loss of species that depend on arctic and tundra ecosystems
-loss of thaw-freeze cycle that glaciers go through, depriving others of water sources

Question 11

Human impacts of sea lvl rising (4):

Answer 11

-relocation of coastal populations
-Increase in flood frequency = higher insurance and repair costs, lost property
-Saltwater intrusion (salt water pushing into ground water & contaminating wells)
-refugees forced to move inland

Question 12

As temp. Changes, vector population can expand, thus _____

Answer 12

inc human risk

Question 13

Eccentricity:

Answer 13

How earth’s orbit changes with regard to how circular it is (oval v circle; affects its proximity to the sun)

Question 14

More eccentric= _____from the sun

Answer 14

further

Question 15

obliquity

Answer 15

How tilted earths axis is towards the sun (exposing N latitudes to higher insolation at diff. Times -> melt ice caps)

Question 16

What are some ways scientists have measured and estimated earth’s temperature & CO2 levels? (3)

Answer 16

-Foraminifera shells in ocean sediments - (using which were alive, different species have diff. temp. tolerance)
-Air bubbles in ice cores that contain ancient atmospheric gas
- 16O vs. 18O isotope concentrations in ancient ice ( ⬆️ 18O = ⬆️ temp.)

Question 17

melting of permafrost

Answer 17

permanently frozen tundra soils that begin to thaw due to climate change & release methane & CO2 from anaerobic decomposition. Creates PFL bc CO2 inc. temp., thus thawing more. PM added to ice absorbs even more heat due to lower albedo, worsening this.

Question 18

Continued formation & break down of O3 in stratosphere absorbs _________

Answer 18

all UV-C & much UV-B radiation (protecting org. on earth)

Question 19

how does anthropogenic ozone depletion work

Answer 19

1. sun strikes CFCs and breaks off a chlorine atom.
2. chlorine binds with O atoms of O3. (converting ozone back to O2 and O).
3. Free O atoms from elsewhere can bond with the O atom that is bonded with the chlorine atom.
4. chlorine atom is now free to repeat step 2-3.

Question 20

how does natural ozone depletion work?

Answer 20

1. In presence of PSCs, chlorine nitrate and hydrochloric acid (in atm) react & give off Cl2.
2. Cl2 is photolyzed (broken by sun) into 2 free Cl atoms, which can deplete ozone.

Question 21

what is a polar stratospheric cloud (PSC)

Answer 21

Clouds made of water & nitric acid (HNO3) that can only form in consistent -100 F temp. range found above antarctica

Question 22

reducing ozone depletion

Answer 22

1. CFC’s (high ozone dep. and high GHG)
2. HCFC’s (low ozone dep. high GHG)
3. HFC’s (zero ozone dep. high GHG)
4. HFO’s (zero ozone dep. low GHG)

Question 23

Nitrous oxide (N2O) comes from what?

Answer 23

the management of agr. soils

Question 24

global warming potential (GWP)

Answer 24

Measure of how much a given molecule of gas can contribute to the warming of the atmosphere over a 100 year period, relative to CO2

Question 25

GWP is measures in what 2 ways?

Answer 25

1. residence time 2. infrared radiation (how good is it at absorbing IR and remitting it back to Earth?)

Question 26

what is a barrier island

Answer 26

islands that buffer coastal communities/ecosystems from wind & waves, may be lost as sea level rises

Question 27

climate change can affect what 2 atmospheric currents?

Answer 27

-widening and weakening of Hadley cells (bc equ. is getting warmer and poles are getting warmer, so there is less cold air to push the hadley cell back down, thus widening it). -Because temperature & pressure diff. between polar & subtropical regions is what drives the polar jet stream, less diff. between them means weaker, wobblier jet stream. leads to really cold in E US randomly and dry in W US.

Question 28

climate change effects on marine ecosystems

Answer 28

-Altered range of marine ecosystems: some new marine habitats will form by rising sea level flooding coastline -Some areas of ocean will become too deep to receive sunlight & photic zone (where sunlight reaches) will shift up, further from ocean floor. -Altered ranges for organisms: warm water holds less O2, so many fish populations have declined, or migrated to cooler waters

Question 29

how has climate change impacted thermohaline circulation?

Answer 29

-global ocean current that redistributes heat from the equator, salt, and nutrients by mixing ocean waters could slow or stop altogether from this. 1. Ice melt from Greenland ➡️ super cold, fresh water buildup in north atlantic 2. bc freshwater is less dense than salt, it doesn't sink. 3. This cold north atlantic water slows warmer Gulf Stream waters, cooling Europe & slowing global thermohaline circulation

Question 30

why is the Arctic (N Pole) and S Pole warming faster than other regions

Answer 30

because there is more land & less water to absorb heat

Question 31

Describe how atmospheric warming relates to ocean warming.

Answer 31

The ocean absorbs heat radiated back to earth by GHG. THC distributes heat But, heat absorbed by ocean can transfer back to ATM for decades slowly.

Question 32

migratory routes and mating seasons can be ______due to temp. change

Answer 32

altered, especially for whales.

Question 33

how can climate change affect coral reefs?

Answer 33

-thermal pollution -sedimentation -stronger, more frequent storms -inc. runoff (inc. rain) -ocean acidification -altered ocean currents

Question 34

increased CO2 in ATM leads to ____

Answer 34

inc. CO2 in ocean (direct exchange)

Question 35

how does ocean acidification work?

Answer 35

1. CO2 combines with ocean water to form carbonic acid (H2CO3) 2. Carbonic acid dissociates into bicarbonate ion (HCO3) (H2CO3 -> H+ and CO3 (carbonate ion) = HCO3) 3. Bc carbonate ions provide so much for marine organisms, when we acidify the carbonate ions, marine life is not able to make shells as well. SIMPLE: Carbonic acid ➡️ increased H+ ions which bond w/carbonate to form Bicarbonate (HCO3-)

Question 36

Invasive species characteristics

Answer 36

-no nat. pred. -highly competitive for resources -can thrive in non-native habitats -often r-selec., generalized

Question 36

what do marine organisms make their shells out of?

Answer 36

calcium and carbonate

Question 37

zebra mussel

Answer 37

-transported by ship ballast water -agressive filter feeders, eat algae other species rely on -1 mil. egg/yr -clog pipes

Question 38

Kudzu vine

Answer 38

-planted to limit soil erosion in S US -grows quick -outcompetes natives for sun, grows over them -

Question 39

Asian Carp

Answer 39

-Brought to control algae growth in aqu. farms -Escaped to miss. river; outcompete native fish for food & space -dec. fishery prod. and value

Question 40

Emerald Ash Borer

Answer 40

-spread by wood packing mat. -disrupts tree nutrient transport -expanding range (global warming)

Question 41

what are some ways to control invasives?

Answer 41

-laws about transport -boat inspection -physical removal -introduce a nat. pred.

Question 42

what are some ways that species can become endangered?

Answer 42

-poaching -special food/habitat needs -invasives -climate change

Question 43

what are some ways to protect Endangered Species?

Answer 43

-legislation (CITES) -poaching prevention -protect wildlife habitats (national parks)

Question 44

what is CITES?

Answer 44

International agreement for countries to set up agencies to monitor import and export of endangered species (as specified by IUCN Red List)

Question 45

what is an example of an endangered animal competing with a non endangered Species?

Answer 45

Shenandoah salamander: endangered species, limited to ranges on 3 specific mountains bc of fiercely territorial red-backed salamander

Question 46

what does the acronym HIPPCO stand for (things that affect biodiv)?

Answer 46

H-Habitat fragmentation/loss I-Invasives P-Population growth P-pollution C-Climate Change O-Over exploition (over poaching)

Question 47

examples of habitat fragmentation

Answer 47

-roads and pipelines (Roads & oil/gas pipelines disrupt movement & lead to fatal collisions with vehicles) -agr. & urban land use (deforest.) -logging (

Question 48

🏔️Breaking of larger, continuous habitats into smaller, isolated patches; disrupts ______

Answer 48

breeding, hunting, migration

Question 49

what can fragmentation do to habitats and what can combat it?

Answer 49

-it can create smaller, isolated, subpopulations (has less gen. div., more prone to inbreeding depression, & less resilient to env. dist./ disease) -Metapopulations are mostly isolated, subpopulations connected by habitat corridors; (can allow some gene flow (mating between populations) and improve genetic diversity)

Question 50

What is the edge effect?

Answer 50

when 2 ecosys. like forest-grassland or ocean-river (estuaries) meet have diff. characteristics than the middle of each ecosystem

Question 51

what are some pos. and neg. of the edge effect?

Answer 51

-Some species thrive in the edge habitat & biodiv. is often higher bc of diversity of food, shelter, and nutrient resources. -but, Edge habitats can expand range of potentially disruptive species

Question 52

edge effect potentially disruptive species example

Answer 52

brown headed cowbird (Brood parasite that leaves its eggs in the nests of songbirds for them to raise, unknowingly)

Question 53

what are some ways that climate change can impact habitat range?

Answer 53

-temp. change (warming temp. can shift biomes. Boreal forest & temperate coniferous forests may shift N; tundra may decrease). -precip change (Warming global. temp. will Dec. precip. in some areas, leading to soil desertification. Will inc. in some areas, expanding tropical ecosys.) -sea lvl rise (Estuary habitats (salt marshes, mangroves) become fully submerged & more saline; coastal ecosys. become flooded)

Question 54

how does domestication of species for agriculture generally decreases genetic and species biodiversity?

Answer 54

-less plant species are grown as selective breeding and GM results in only the highest yield species -GM use and selective breeding also lead to less gen. div. in crops, =more vulnerable to disease or env. disruptions -Breeds (livestock) were uniquely adapted to local climate -Many breeds are now extinct, or at risk due to selection for only highest productivity

Question 55

what are 3 ways to mitigate biodiversity loss?

Answer 55

1. protecting and connecting hab. (wildlife corridors, nature parks) 2. sustainable land use (green roofs, sus. agr., expanding parks, reduc. urban sprawl) 3. restoring lost hab.