APGOVCH14.Zariah White

Question 1

AFL-CIO

Answer 1

a large labor union founded in 1955 by the merging of the american federation of labor and its one-time rival the congress of industrial organizations.

the new afl-cio immediately channeled its energies into pressuring the government to protect concessions won from employers at the bargaining table and to other issues of concern to its members.

Question 2

american anti-slavery society

Answer 2

a major interest group, founded in 1833, to advocate for the abolition of the institution of slavery throughout the united states.

among the first of these groups was the american anti-slavery society, founded in 1833 by william lloyd garrison.

Question 3

american federation of labor (afl)

Answer 3

founded in 1866, the afl brought skilled workers from several trades together into one stronger national organization for the first time. it merged in 1955 with the congress of industrial organizations to form the afl-cio.

Question 4

christian coalition

Answer 4

a religious interest group founded in 1989 to advance conservative christian principles and traditional values in american politics.

to fill this void, pat robertson, a televangelist, formed the christian coalition in 1989.

Question 5

civic virtue

Answer 5

the tendency to form small-scale associations for the public good.

this tendency to form small-scale associations for the public good, or civic virtue, creates fertile ground within communities for improved political and economic development.

Question 6

collective good

Answer 6

something of value that cannot be withheld from a nonmember of a group, for example, a tax write-off or a better environment.

he uses these assumptions to argue that, especially in the case of collective goods, it makes little sense for individuals to join a group if they can gain the benefits secured by others at no cost and become “free riders”.

Question 7

disturbance theory

Answer 7

the theory that interest groups from as a result of changes in the political system.

pluralist theorists such as david b. truman explain the formation of interest groups through disturbance theory.

Question 8

economic interest group

Answer 8

a group with the primary purpose of promoting the financial interests of its members.

historically, the three largest categories of economic interest groups were business groups, labor organizations, and organizations representing the interests of farmers.

Question 9

free rider problem

Answer 9

potential members who fail to join a group because they can get the benefit, or collective good, sought by the group without contributing the effort.

Because of the free-rider problem – public goods are under-provided or not provided at all.

Question 10

honest leadership and open government act of 2007

Answer 10

lobbying reform banning gifts to members of congress and their staffs, toughening disclosure requirements, and increasing time limits on moving from the federal government to the private sector.

in the wake of a variety of lobbying scandals, congress attempted to remedy this problem by passing the honest leadership and open government act of 2007.

Question 11

interest group

Answer 11

a collection of people or organizations that tries to influence public policy.

interest groups have various modern names: special interests, pressure groups, organized interests, nongovernmental organizations (ngo), political groups, lobby groups, and public interest groups.

Question 12

jerry falwell

Answer 12

a southern baptist minister who, in 1978, founded the conservative religious interest group the moral majority.

the reverend jerry falwell founded the first major new religious interest group, the moral majority.

Question 13

lobbying

Answer 13

the activities of a group or organization that seek to persuade political leaders to support the group’s position.

lobbying is at the top of most interest groups’ agendas because it allows groups to effectively pursue their policy agendas by seeking to persuade political leaders to support the group’s position.

Question 14

lobbying disclosure act

Answer 14

a 1995 federal law that employed a strict definition of lobbyist and established strict reporting requirements on the activities of lobbyists.

the lobbying disclosure act employed a strict definition of lobbyist.

Question 15

lobbyist

Answer 15

interest group representative who seeks to influence legislation that will benefit his or her organization or client through political and/or financial persuasion.

in a move that could not take place today because of its clear impropriety, the central pacific railroad sent its own lobbyist to washington, d.c., in 1861, where he eventually became the clerk (staff administrator) of the committees of both houses of congress that were charged with overseeing regulation of the railroad industry.

Question 16

marian wright edelman

Answer 16

a lawyer who in 1973 founded the children’s defense fund to protect the rights of children, particularly those who are members of disadvantaged groups.

marian wright edelman is a notable leader of the abolition movement.

Question 17

moral majority

Answer 17

a conservative religious interest group credited with helping to mobilize conservative evangelical christian voters from its founding in1978 through the presidency of ronald reagan.

in 1978 the moral majority was founded.

Question 18

national association of manufacturers (nam)

Answer 18

an organization founded in 1895 by manufacturers to combat the growth of organized labor.

the national association of manufacturers was founded in 1895 by manufacturers who had suffered business losses in the economic panic of 1893 and who believed they were being affected adversely by the growth of organized labor.

Question 19

national rifle association (nra)

Answer 19

the major gun-rights lobbying group in the united states, which opposes gun control and advances an expansive interpretation of the second amendment.

the national rifle association (nra), an opponent of gun control legislation, remains a potent player in the political process.

Question 20

pat robertson

Answer 20

a southern baptist minister and television evangelist who ran for president in 1988 and in 1989 founded the conservative religious interest group the christian coalition.

pat robertson is a televangelist.

Question 21

patron

Answer 21

a person who finances a group or individual activity

governments, foundations, and wealthy individuals can serve as patrons.

Question 22

pluralist theory

Answer 22

the theory that political power is distributed among a wide array of diverse and competing interest groups.

pluralist theorists such as david b. truman explain the formation of interest groups through disturbance theory.

Question 23

progressive movement

Answer 23

a broad group of political and social activists from the 1890s to the 1920s who opposed corruption in government, supported regulation of monopolies, and sought improvement of socioeconomic conditions.

the political and social movement that grew out of these concerns was called the progressive movement.

Question 24

political action committee (pac)

Answer 24

officially recognized fund-raising organization that represents interest groups and is allowed by federal law to make contributions directly to candidates’ campaigns.

in 1974, amendments to the federal election campaign act made it legal for businesses, labor unions, and interest groups to form political action committees.

Question 25

public interest group

Answer 25

an organization that seeks a collective good that if achieved will not selectively and materially benefit groups.

the progressives desire for reform led to an explosion of all types of interest groups, including single-issue, trade, labor, and the first public interest groups.

Question 26

social capital

Answer 26

cooperative relationships that facilitate the resolution of collective problems.

political scientists believe that involvement in community groups and activities with others of like interests enhances the level of social capital.

Question 27

the grange

Answer 27

founded in 1867 as an educational organization for farmers, the grange evolved into the first truly national interest group by working to protect the political and economic concerns of farming communities and rural areas.

the grange was formed during the period after the civil war.

Question 28

trade association

Answer 28

a group that represents a specific industry

The national association of manufacturers is a trade association.

Question 29

transactions theory

Answer 29

the theory that public policies are the result of narrowly defined exchanges or transactions among political actors.

transactions theory arose out of criticisms of the pluralist approach.

Question 30

u.s. chamber of commerce

Answer 30

a major pro-business lobbying group founded in 1912.

the second major business organization, the u.s. chamber of commerce, came into being in 1912, with the assistance of the federal government.

Question 31

women’s christian temperance union (wctu)

Answer 31

a public interest group created in 1874 with the goal of outlawing the sale of liquor. its activities included prayer groups, protest marches, lobbying, and the destruction of saloons.

the wctu’s activities took conventional and unconventional forms, which included organizing prayer groups, lobbying for prohibition legislation, concluding peaceful marches, and engaging in more violent protest such as the destruction of saloons.