Aphasia Flashcards
(99 cards)
1
Q
What is the ICF (international classification of Functioning, Disability and Health)
A
Used to conceptualize the changes in function that people may experience after the onset of a disease or injury
2
Q
What is the ICF divided
A
Body structure, body function, and activities/participation.
3
Q
Body structure includes
A
- Structures of nervous system,
- eye, ear, and realted structures
- Voice and perch
- Musculoskeletal structures related to movement.
4
Q
Body function includes
A
- Mental
- Sensory
- Voice and speech
- Neuromuscular
5
Q
Activities and participation include
A
Life activities
Example: communciaition, self-care, learning and applying knowledge.
6
Q
Contextual factors influence
A
Activities
7
Q
Contextual factors include
A
Environmental factors (attitudes technology) and personal factors (race, age)
8
Q
Impairment is a problem with
A
Body function or structure
9
Q
Activity limitation is
A
Difficulty encountered by an individual in executing task or action
10
Q
Participation restriction
A
Problem experienced by an individuals with life situations.
11
Q
Cognition - Murray and Clarke
A
Encompasses all processes by which we transform , condense, elaborate, store, retrieve, and exploit sensory information, thus allows us to cope with and process incoming information so that we can understands and interface with our environment
12
Q
Cognition includes what four branches
A
Executive function, language, attention, memory
13
Q
Phonological processing
A
Ability to recognize and produce the individual phonemes in one’s language; follow rules for sequencing sounds,
- suprasegmental processing = processing of intonation, stress and pauses.
14
Q
Lexical- semantic processing
A
Accessing meaning through language
15
Q
Morphosyntactic processing
A
Encompasses all processes by which we transform, condense, elaborate, stores, retrieve, and exploit sensory info –> allows us to cope an process incoming info to better understand and interact with our environment.
16
Q
True or false: Morphosyntactic processing is a common focus of aphasia treatment.
A
False
17
Q
Syntax refers to
A
The rules that govern the word order in a sentence
18
Q
True or false: syntax is a more common focus of treatment to increase PWA’s utterances
A
True: if we consider treatments that attempt to increase the length and complexity of the utterances
19
Q
Pragmatics refers to
A
The ability to correctly interpret and use language based on the social/situational context
20
Q
What is discourse processing?
A
The rules that govern conversations
- selection, topic maintenance, switching or ending topics, topic repairs.
21
Q
What are the three aspects of memory
A
Encoding, storage, retrieval/recall
22
Q
Short term memory
A
Memory held in conscious awareness, which is currently receiving attention
23
Q
Declarative memory is divided into what two categories
A
Semantic memory and episodic memory
24
Q
Semantic memory involves
A
Facts and knowledge thats been acquired
25
Episodic memory involves
Time memories, events
26
True/false Prospective memory is a subsection of episodic memory
True
27
True or false: attention problems are more pronounced in only individuals with right hemisphere damage
False
| Also in TBI because damage after TBI is diffuse, affecting many brain regions.
28
In clinical practice, how is attention described in terms of its clinical characteristics?
1. Sustained attention- ability to maintain attention over time
2. Focused or selective attention- ability to direct attention towards one thing while there are other things in the background
3. Divided attention - ability to attend to more than one activity
29
What are the commonly described components of executive function?
1. Planning
2. Organization
3. Inhibition
4. Cognitive flexibility
5. Problem solving
6. Self-monitoring
30
True or false, executive functioning does not have an affect on basic cognitive functions such as attention and memory.
False, it does. Helps coordinate their functions.
31
Define Aphasia
Murray and clark: a disruption in using and understanding language following neurological injury or disease that is not related to general intellectual decline or sensorimotor deficit is; any language modality may be affected, including speaking, listening, writing, and reading.
32
The most common cause of aphasia is
Stroke
33
What are some symptoms of aphasia
Difficulty with - reading, naming, auditory comprehension, writing, speech fluency, repetition
34
Naming difficulties is also known as
Anomia
35
T/F: Anomia (naming difficulties) is most commonly seen in aphasia
True, also seen in TBI and dementia..
| Much more pronounced in aphasia.
36
What is the most primary complaint and most noticeable symptom in persons with aphasia?
Anomia/naming difficulties
37
Why is repetition used to help refine a diagnosis of aphasia?
Helps identify what areas of speech are impaired and teases apart an apraxia of speech from aphasia.
38
What are some features of non-fluent aphasia
Effortful
Pause-filled halting speech that consists of short phrases
Slow rather with little melodic variation
39
What is agrammatism?
Also called telegraphic speech - tendency to leave out grammatical functions words such as articles, conjunctions, and pronouns while keeping content words such as nouns and verbs
40
What are characteristics of fluent aphasia
Speak at normal rate and melody without significant effort
| Frequent errors such as sound or word substitution
41
What are paragrammatic errors which are seen in fluent aphasia
Misuse grammar and syntax
| Ex: they may conjugate a verb incorrectly or use a verb in the position where a noun should be
42
Marked reduction or misuse of content words has been called ______ ______ because of its lack of content
Empty speech
43
Name some underlying causes of auditory comprehension diffficulty
Discriminating speech sounds, recognizing whole words, difficulty accessing/activating the meaning of words
44
Reading difficulties is also known as
Alexia or acquired dyslexia
45
T/F All individuals with aphasia will have some reading impairments.
True
46
T/F non-words or unfamiliar words can only be read via that whole word route.
False: phonetic route (sound words out)
| Whole word route (site reading)
47
Agraphia or acquired dysgraphia is a difficulty in
Writing
48
T/f- writing problems tend not to reflect speech problems in terms of the severity and kinds of errors made
False
49
Patients with aphasia have difficulty producing gestures due to
- semantic processing impairments
- motor planning issues
- upper extremity weakness/paralysis
50
T/F gestures are considered to be a strength for person's with aphasia
False; pragmatics - use this ability to get their message across in any way that can.
51
a person with aphasia who has impairments in semantic will most likely have what type of errors in their drawing abilities
Semantic like drawing errors- lack detail in their drawing.
52
What are the two most common given aphasia tests?
Western aphasia battery
| Boston Diagnostic Aphasia examination
53
What are the two subtypes of connectionist classification system
Non-fluent and fluent
54
What types of aphasia are within the non-fluent subtype
Broca's aphasia
Global
Transcortical motor
Transcortical mixed
55
What aphasia's are included in the fluent aphasia
Wernicke's
Conduction
Transcortical Sensory
Anomic
56
True or false
classifications of the aphasia subtypes is based on the identification of impaired underlying process (e.g. Semantics, phonology) not the cataloguing of symptoms (anomia, nonfluency, poor repetition)
False: based on the symptoms not impaired underlying process
57
What are the four primary language symptoms used for classification of symptoms of aphasia?
Naming
Fluency
Auditory comprehension
Repetition
58
True or false
| Global aphasia is the most severe form of aphasia and has the poorest prognosis for significant recovery
True
59
Global aphasia results from damage to _____
Both the anterior and posterior language zones of the brain
60
True/False
Many patients will present immediately as one type of aphasia after their stroke and later rapidly evolve into globally aphasic.
False: immediately present as globally aphasic after their stoke and rapidly evolve into another aphasia type.
61
Describe Broca's aphasia
Nonfluent- more pronounced expressive vs. receptive aphasia
- speech is often agrammatic/telegraphic
- naming significantly impaired
- Lesion at Broca's area and surrounding regions
62
T/F: Wernicke's aphasia has significant auditory and written comprehension difficulties
True
63
T/F Broca's aphasia and Wernicke's aphasia are both fluent
False: broca's a nonfluent
64
In Transcortical aphasia (motor) where is the lesion
On the periphery of their perisylvian language zone of the frontal lobe
65
T/F: transcortical sensory aphasia has significant auditory and written comprehension difficulties
True - fluent aphasia
66
Conduction aphasia is characterized by
Disproportionately poor repetition ability in the context of speech that is fluent with mild-moderate naming difficulties and good auditory comprehension
67
What is the mildest subtype of aphasia
Anomic - fluent
68
What is the cause of anomic aphasia
Lesions in any region of the brain related to language processing - usually small
69
What is thought to be the cause of conduction aphasia
Damage to the arcuate fasiculus fiber (fiber that runs from Broca's to weirnicke's area.
70
T/F: Aphasia is damage to Right hemisphere and primary processors of components of language semantics and phonology
False; damage to the left hemisphere
71
Communication after right hemisphere damage involves poor ___ but relatively good _____
Poor pragmatics and discourse; good phonology and lexical semantics
72
Right hemisphere disorder may result in deficits in
The expression and comprehension of emotion
73
What is the most common problems after right hemisphere damage?
Attention
74
What are some communication difficulties that may be secondary to attention issues in RHD?
Poor topic maintenance,
difficulty following long conversations,
And poor eye contact
75
T/F: Left hemisphere damage shows more overt signs of neglect compared to that of right hemisphere damage
False: more commonly apparent in Right hemisphere damage.
| - due to right hemisphere is dominate for allocating attention.
76
T/F: Memory problems is not common in right hemisphere disorders
False, it is common
| Associated with difficulties with non-verbal memory but patients may also have poor verbal memory.
77
RH damage individuals may have a pronounced problem with deficits awareness also known as
Anosognia
78
Anosognia is most common in individuals who have
Left hemisphere neglect
79
Anosognia can result in poor
Motivation and adherence to rehabilitation
80
Traumatic brain injury individuals have a pronounced impairment of _____ vs. ____.
Cognition vs. language.
81
When a patient is Unresponsive to internal or external stimuli in a period of impaired consciousness is a
Coma
82
What is a vegetative state
Appears awake in that eyes are open but doesn't not
83
What is primary brain damage?
Brain damage caused by external or mechanical forces.
84
Secondary brain damage includes
Edema - causes increase intracranial pressure and can result in hypoxia if arteries in the brain are squeezed
And
Infections
85
What are common cognitive symptoms deficits in patients with TBI?
Deficits of perception, attention, memory, and executive function
86
Attention can influence
Communication skills, memory and executive function.
87
In a post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) ____ problems are often severe and result in the inability to meaningfully assess patients.
Attention
88
Retrograde amnesia is
The loss of long term memories that were created before an injury
89
Anterograde amnesia
The ability to form new memories after an injury
| - often due to poor/inadequate use of encoding strategies
90
Due to the nature of TBI, what area of the brain is usually damaged
Frontal lobes
91
problems that are present in executive function problems in TBI are
```
Disinhibition
Anosognia (deficit awareness problems)
Concrete or inflexible problem solving and reasoning
Poor initiation
Poor planning
```
92
T/F: Communication difficulties in TBI are often at the discourse and pragmatic level and their communication difficulties resemble those difficulties seen after RHD
True
93
_____ refers to the cognitive communication and behavioral changes that occur in the context of a progressive medical/neurological condition
Dementia
94
What are the most common areas affected in Dementia
```
Memory
Visio-spatial
Language
Attention
Executive function
```
95
Individuals who have cognitive decline greater than would be expected for their age but whose symptoms are milder are often given the diagnosis of
Mild cognitive impairment
96
Dementias can be classified into what two subtypes?
1. Cortical dementia (Alzheimer's or Pick's disease)
| 2. Subcortical Dementia's (Parkinson's or Huntington's disease)
97
Executive function problems are most pronounced in what area in individuals with dementia? Why?
Behavioral variant of frontal lobe
| Because the frontal lobes are the first regions of the cortex affected in this disease process.
98
T/F: No matter what kind of dementia, at the end stage all forms of memory are impaired
True
99
T/F: Language impairments (naming, writing, comprehension of complex info), can be seen in the late stages of other cortical dementias
False, early stages
