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Aphasia > Aphasia > Flashcards

Aphasia Flashcards

1
Q

What is the ICF (international classification of Functioning, Disability and Health)

A

Used to conceptualize the changes in function that people may experience after the onset of a disease or injury

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2
Q

What is the ICF divided

A

Body structure, body function, and activities/participation.

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3
Q

Body structure includes

A
  1. Structures of nervous system,
  2. eye, ear, and realted structures
  3. Voice and perch
  4. Musculoskeletal structures related to movement.
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4
Q

Body function includes

A
  1. Mental
  2. Sensory
  3. Voice and speech
  4. Neuromuscular
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5
Q

Activities and participation include

A

Life activities

Example: communciaition, self-care, learning and applying knowledge.

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6
Q

Contextual factors influence

A

Activities

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7
Q

Contextual factors include

A

Environmental factors (attitudes technology) and personal factors (race, age)

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8
Q

Impairment is a problem with

A

Body function or structure

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9
Q

Activity limitation is

A

Difficulty encountered by an individual in executing task or action

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10
Q

Participation restriction

A

Problem experienced by an individuals with life situations.

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11
Q

Cognition - Murray and Clarke

A

Encompasses all processes by which we transform , condense, elaborate, store, retrieve, and exploit sensory information, thus allows us to cope with and process incoming information so that we can understands and interface with our environment

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12
Q

Cognition includes what four branches

A

Executive function, language, attention, memory

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13
Q

Phonological processing

A

Ability to recognize and produce the individual phonemes in one’s language; follow rules for sequencing sounds,

  • suprasegmental processing = processing of intonation, stress and pauses.
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14
Q

Lexical- semantic processing

A

Accessing meaning through language

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15
Q

Morphosyntactic processing

A

Encompasses all processes by which we transform, condense, elaborate, stores, retrieve, and exploit sensory info –> allows us to cope an process incoming info to better understand and interact with our environment.

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16
Q

True or false: Morphosyntactic processing is a common focus of aphasia treatment.

A

False

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17
Q

Syntax refers to

A

The rules that govern the word order in a sentence

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18
Q

True or false: syntax is a more common focus of treatment to increase PWA’s utterances

A

True: if we consider treatments that attempt to increase the length and complexity of the utterances

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19
Q

Pragmatics refers to

A

The ability to correctly interpret and use language based on the social/situational context

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20
Q

What is discourse processing?

A

The rules that govern conversations

- selection, topic maintenance, switching or ending topics, topic repairs.

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21
Q

What are the three aspects of memory

A

Encoding, storage, retrieval/recall

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22
Q

Short term memory

A

Memory held in conscious awareness, which is currently receiving attention

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23
Q

Declarative memory is divided into what two categories

A

Semantic memory and episodic memory

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24
Q

Semantic memory involves

A

Facts and knowledge thats been acquired

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25
Q

Episodic memory involves

A

Time memories, events

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26
Q

True/false Prospective memory is a subsection of episodic memory

A

True

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27
Q

True or false: attention problems are more pronounced in only individuals with right hemisphere damage

A

False

Also in TBI because damage after TBI is diffuse, affecting many brain regions.

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28
Q

In clinical practice, how is attention described in terms of its clinical characteristics?

A
  1. Sustained attention- ability to maintain attention over time
  2. Focused or selective attention- ability to direct attention towards one thing while there are other things in the background
  3. Divided attention - ability to attend to more than one activity
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29
Q

What are the commonly described components of executive function?

A
  1. Planning
  2. Organization
  3. Inhibition
  4. Cognitive flexibility
  5. Problem solving
  6. Self-monitoring
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30
Q

True or false, executive functioning does not have an affect on basic cognitive functions such as attention and memory.

A

False, it does. Helps coordinate their functions.

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31
Q

Define Aphasia

A

Murray and clark: a disruption in using and understanding language following neurological injury or disease that is not related to general intellectual decline or sensorimotor deficit is; any language modality may be affected, including speaking, listening, writing, and reading.

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32
Q

The most common cause of aphasia is

A

Stroke

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33
Q

What are some symptoms of aphasia

A

Difficulty with - reading, naming, auditory comprehension, writing, speech fluency, repetition

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34
Q

Naming difficulties is also known as

A

Anomia

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35
Q

T/F: Anomia (naming difficulties) is most commonly seen in aphasia

A

True, also seen in TBI and dementia..

Much more pronounced in aphasia.

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36
Q

What is the most primary complaint and most noticeable symptom in persons with aphasia?

A

Anomia/naming difficulties

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37
Q

Why is repetition used to help refine a diagnosis of aphasia?

A

Helps identify what areas of speech are impaired and teases apart an apraxia of speech from aphasia.

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38
Q

What are some features of non-fluent aphasia

A

Effortful
Pause-filled halting speech that consists of short phrases
Slow rather with little melodic variation

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39
Q

What is agrammatism?

A

Also called telegraphic speech - tendency to leave out grammatical functions words such as articles, conjunctions, and pronouns while keeping content words such as nouns and verbs

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40
Q

What are characteristics of fluent aphasia

A

Speak at normal rate and melody without significant effort

Frequent errors such as sound or word substitution

41
Q

What are paragrammatic errors which are seen in fluent aphasia

A

Misuse grammar and syntax

Ex: they may conjugate a verb incorrectly or use a verb in the position where a noun should be

42
Q

Marked reduction or misuse of content words has been called ______ ______ because of its lack of content

A

Empty speech

43
Q

Name some underlying causes of auditory comprehension diffficulty

A

Discriminating speech sounds, recognizing whole words, difficulty accessing/activating the meaning of words

44
Q

Reading difficulties is also known as

A

Alexia or acquired dyslexia

45
Q

T/F All individuals with aphasia will have some reading impairments.

A

True

46
Q

T/F non-words or unfamiliar words can only be read via that whole word route.

A

False: phonetic route (sound words out)

Whole word route (site reading)

47
Q

Agraphia or acquired dysgraphia is a difficulty in

A

Writing

48
Q

T/f- writing problems tend not to reflect speech problems in terms of the severity and kinds of errors made

A

False

49
Q

Patients with aphasia have difficulty producing gestures due to

A
  • semantic processing impairments
  • motor planning issues
  • upper extremity weakness/paralysis
50
Q

T/F gestures are considered to be a strength for person’s with aphasia

A

False; pragmatics - use this ability to get their message across in any way that can.

51
Q

a person with aphasia who has impairments in semantic will most likely have what type of errors in their drawing abilities

A

Semantic like drawing errors- lack detail in their drawing.

52
Q

What are the two most common given aphasia tests?

A

Western aphasia battery

Boston Diagnostic Aphasia examination

53
Q

What are the two subtypes of connectionist classification system

A

Non-fluent and fluent

54
Q

What types of aphasia are within the non-fluent subtype

A

Broca’s aphasia
Global
Transcortical motor
Transcortical mixed

55
Q

What aphasia’s are included in the fluent aphasia

A

Wernicke’s
Conduction
Transcortical Sensory
Anomic

56
Q

True or false
classifications of the aphasia subtypes is based on the identification of impaired underlying process (e.g. Semantics, phonology) not the cataloguing of symptoms (anomia, nonfluency, poor repetition)

A

False: based on the symptoms not impaired underlying process

57
Q

What are the four primary language symptoms used for classification of symptoms of aphasia?

A

Naming
Fluency
Auditory comprehension
Repetition

58
Q

True or false

Global aphasia is the most severe form of aphasia and has the poorest prognosis for significant recovery

A

True

59
Q

Global aphasia results from damage to _____

A

Both the anterior and posterior language zones of the brain

60
Q

True/False
Many patients will present immediately as one type of aphasia after their stroke and later rapidly evolve into globally aphasic.

A

False: immediately present as globally aphasic after their stoke and rapidly evolve into another aphasia type.

61
Q

Describe Broca’s aphasia

A

Nonfluent- more pronounced expressive vs. receptive aphasia

  • speech is often agrammatic/telegraphic
  • naming significantly impaired
  • Lesion at Broca’s area and surrounding regions
62
Q

T/F: Wernicke’s aphasia has significant auditory and written comprehension difficulties

A

True

63
Q

T/F Broca’s aphasia and Wernicke’s aphasia are both fluent

A

False: broca’s a nonfluent

64
Q

In Transcortical aphasia (motor) where is the lesion

A

On the periphery of their perisylvian language zone of the frontal lobe

65
Q

T/F: transcortical sensory aphasia has significant auditory and written comprehension difficulties

A

True - fluent aphasia

66
Q

Conduction aphasia is characterized by

A

Disproportionately poor repetition ability in the context of speech that is fluent with mild-moderate naming difficulties and good auditory comprehension

67
Q

What is the mildest subtype of aphasia

A

Anomic - fluent

68
Q

What is the cause of anomic aphasia

A

Lesions in any region of the brain related to language processing - usually small

69
Q

What is thought to be the cause of conduction aphasia

A

Damage to the arcuate fasiculus fiber (fiber that runs from Broca’s to weirnicke’s area.

70
Q

T/F: Aphasia is damage to Right hemisphere and primary processors of components of language semantics and phonology

A

False; damage to the left hemisphere

71
Q

Communication after right hemisphere damage involves poor ___ but relatively good _____

A

Poor pragmatics and discourse; good phonology and lexical semantics

72
Q

Right hemisphere disorder may result in deficits in

A

The expression and comprehension of emotion

73
Q

What is the most common problems after right hemisphere damage?

A

Attention

74
Q

What are some communication difficulties that may be secondary to attention issues in RHD?

A

Poor topic maintenance,
difficulty following long conversations,
And poor eye contact

75
Q

T/F: Left hemisphere damage shows more overt signs of neglect compared to that of right hemisphere damage

A

False: more commonly apparent in Right hemisphere damage.

- due to right hemisphere is dominate for allocating attention.

76
Q

T/F: Memory problems is not common in right hemisphere disorders

A

False, it is common

Associated with difficulties with non-verbal memory but patients may also have poor verbal memory.

77
Q

RH damage individuals may have a pronounced problem with deficits awareness also known as

A

Anosognia

78
Q

Anosognia is most common in individuals who have

A

Left hemisphere neglect

79
Q

Anosognia can result in poor

A

Motivation and adherence to rehabilitation

80
Q

Traumatic brain injury individuals have a pronounced impairment of _____ vs. ____.

A

Cognition vs. language.

81
Q

When a patient is Unresponsive to internal or external stimuli in a period of impaired consciousness is a

A

Coma

82
Q

What is a vegetative state

A

Appears awake in that eyes are open but doesn’t not

83
Q

What is primary brain damage?

A

Brain damage caused by external or mechanical forces.

84
Q

Secondary brain damage includes

A

Edema - causes increase intracranial pressure and can result in hypoxia if arteries in the brain are squeezed
And
Infections

85
Q

What are common cognitive symptoms deficits in patients with TBI?

A

Deficits of perception, attention, memory, and executive function

86
Q

Attention can influence

A

Communication skills, memory and executive function.

87
Q

In a post-traumatic amnesia (PTA) ____ problems are often severe and result in the inability to meaningfully assess patients.

A

Attention

88
Q

Retrograde amnesia is

A

The loss of long term memories that were created before an injury

89
Q

Anterograde amnesia

A

The ability to form new memories after an injury

- often due to poor/inadequate use of encoding strategies

90
Q

Due to the nature of TBI, what area of the brain is usually damaged

A

Frontal lobes

91
Q

problems that are present in executive function problems in TBI are

A 
Disinhibition
Anosognia (deficit awareness problems)
Concrete or inflexible problem solving and reasoning 
Poor initiation
Poor planning
92
Q

T/F: Communication difficulties in TBI are often at the discourse and pragmatic level and their communication difficulties resemble those difficulties seen after RHD

A

True

93
Q

_____ refers to the cognitive communication and behavioral changes that occur in the context of a progressive medical/neurological condition

A

Dementia

94
Q

What are the most common areas affected in Dementia

A 
Memory
Visio-spatial 
Language
Attention
Executive function
95
Q

Individuals who have cognitive decline greater than would be expected for their age but whose symptoms are milder are often given the diagnosis of

A

Mild cognitive impairment

96
Q

Dementias can be classified into what two subtypes?

A
  1. Cortical dementia (Alzheimer’s or Pick’s disease)

2. Subcortical Dementia’s (Parkinson’s or Huntington’s disease)

97
Q

Executive function problems are most pronounced in what area in individuals with dementia? Why?

A

Behavioral variant of frontal lobe

Because the frontal lobes are the first regions of the cortex affected in this disease process.

98
Q

T/F: No matter what kind of dementia, at the end stage all forms of memory are impaired

A

True

99
Q

T/F: Language impairments (naming, writing, comprehension of complex info), can be seen in the late stages of other cortical dementias

A

False, early stages

Aphasia (1 decks)

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