Apical measurements and volumes

Question 1

How does simpson’s calculate volume?

Answer 1

Using a sum of a series of parallel slices known as ‘discs’ from apex to base

Question 2

What does the tracing of endocardial borders in AP2 and AP4 calculate?

Answer 2

EF - simpson’s biplane

Question 3

What is the most commonly used measure of cardiac function?

Answer 3

EF

Question 4

EF formula

Answer 4

(EDV-ESV)/EDV x 100

Question 5

Is the LA volume measurement a bi-plane?

Answer 5

Yes - measured in AP4 and AP2

Question 6

What is the upper limit of LA volume?

Answer 6

34

Question 7

What should the variability of measurement between AP4 and AP2 left atrial length?

Answer 7

<5mm

Question 8

In what view is RA volume measured?

Answer 8

AP4

Question 9

Measurements of RA major and minor?

Answer 9

Major: < or equal to 5.3cm

Minor: < or equal to 4.4cm

Question 10

What does TAPSE stand for?

Answer 10

Tricuspid Annulus Plane Systolic Excursion

Question 11

Normal TAPSE measurement?

Answer 11

> 1.7cm

Question 12

Where does the TAPSE measurement begin? (What wave on the ECG)?

Answer 12

R wave - end-diastole to end-systole

Question 13

What view is RV RVID1 measured?

Answer 13

Modified AP4 in end-diastole

Question 14

What is FAC and what does it measure?

Answer 14

Fractional Area Change which measures RV systolic function

Question 15

How is RV systolic function measured?

Answer 15

FAC in both end-diastole and end-systole in AP4

Question 16

What measurement indicates RV systolic dysfunction?

Answer 16

FAC or <35%

Question 17

FAC reflects what components of RV contraction?

Answer 17

Longitudinal and radial

Question 18

What are the biplane measurements?

Answer 18

LV volume and LA volume

Question 19

What are the cut off measurements for LA volume?

Answer 19

Abnormal = >34
Mildly enlarged = 35-41
Mod = 41-48
Severe = >48

Question 20

A patient has a LA volume of 45 mL, what is this classified as?

Answer 20

Moderate = 41-48

Question 21

What is the current ASE recommended RA size quantification?

Answer 21

RA volume

Question 22

In simpson’s biplane AP4 and AP2, what should the size in relation to one another be?

Answer 22

<10% different

Question 23

If a female patient had a measurement of 4.3cm in her RVID1, would this be normal or abnormal?

Answer 23

It would be too large, normal range is 2.5-4.1cm

Question 24

At what point in the cardiac cycle should the major and minor be measured?

Answer 24

End-systole: When the atria are at their largest diameter

Question 25

What is an RV FAC measurement most closely related to?

Answer 25

RV EF