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Parasitology Lec > Apicomplexa > Flashcards

Apicomplexa Flashcards

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1
Q

Which specialized organelle is employed by coccidians, to gain entry to target cells?

A

Apical Complex

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2
Q

True or False: In the life cycle of Babesia, the ticks functions as a definitive host

A

True
man is the intermediate host
same as malaria
definitive host is always the vector

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3
Q

True or False: In the life cycle of Plasmodium, schizogony occurs in humans

A

True

Many phases: sporogony, merogony, zoogony, schizogony

Sporogony – vector/insect

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4
Q

The presence of Maltese Cross Pattern of Merozoites and absence of gametocytes are associated with which coccidian? Give the genus only.

A

Babesia

Rare infection
Zoonotic infection
Infection of animals in the wild
Humans get this disease when coming in close contact with animal or where they thrive (forest, farm)

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5
Q

True or False P. malaria preferably infects young RBCs

A

False

P.vivax - Only one that loves to infect young RBCs

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6
Q

newly formed RBCs coming out of the bone marrow

A

Reticulocytes

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7
Q

Final host / difinitive host

A

ticks (also the vector)

man is the intermediate host
same as malaria
definitive host is always the vector

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8
Q

6 Generalities of Apicomplexa

A

Intracellular protozoans

Possess apical complex (or apical end)

Microneme/Rhoptries/Polar Ring– secretory organelle

Has no free living state

May require an intermediate host to complete the life cycle

Undergoes both sexual and asexual reproduction.

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9
Q

Specialized group of organelles found in one end of the organism

to gain entry to target cells?

A

apical complex

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10
Q

secretory organelle

Needed for the organism to evade and attach on the host cell (wall of the blood vessel/RBC/any cell)

A

Microneme/Rhoptries/Polar ring

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11
Q

apical organelles are expressed during

A

invasive / motile stage

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12
Q

Has a Role in the interaction of the parasite with the host cell (subsequent invasion).

A

apical complex

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13
Q

Classification of Apicomplexa

A

Present in Blood

Intestinal Coccidians

Tissue Coccidians (Extraintestinal)

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14
Q

rare and are considered as opportunistic pathogens

A

Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, Sarcosystis

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15
Q

Associated with people with AIDS
Present in our everyday interaction with the environment
Cats – natural hosts
In the normal healthy state, we do not get infected
Immunocompromised (AIDS, cancer, drugs, immunosuppressants like steroids, anti-cancer) can get infected.

A

opportunistic pathogens

Cryptosporidium, Toxoplasma, Sarcosystis

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16
Q

Important in veterinary medicine and agriculture

Cattle industry, chicken industry

A

Babesia, Toxoplasma, Cryptosporidium

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17
Q

etiologic agent of malaria

A

Plasmodium

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18
Q

Does not exist in the free-living thing, they have to be inside a host
remain inside the cell of the host

A

Intracellular parasites

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19
Q

Vector borne parasite of Plasmodium

A

Female Anopheles

Anopheles minimus flavirostris

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20
Q

Night biting mosquito

A

Female Anopheles minimus flavirostris

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21
Q

Female is the notorious one that sucks blood, needs blood for

they need hemoglobin for

A

Oogensis or reproduction

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22
Q

are subtle or harmless because they rely on plant juice (nectar)

A

male anopheles

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23
Q

TRUE OR FALSE

In plasmodium It is the female that transmits the disease

A

TRUE

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24
Q

Plasmodium MOT

A

bite of mosquito (major);

blood transfusions;

congenital (vertical transmission-from mother to the fetus)

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25
Sexual reproduction
sporogony
26
Asexual reproduction
schizogony
27
Infective stage to Man
Sporozoite
28
the product of sexual reproduction and this comes from the mosquito
Sporozoite
29
The mosquito gets the infection form humans by ingesting the
gametes (byproducts of schizogony) – microgametes (male) and macrogametes (female)
30
Phylum Apicomplexa, exhibits all general life cycle forms but they can vary from species to species (each species have a unique cycle and these cycles consist the sexual and asexual reproductive forms) What are the Three distinctive processes (in plasmodium)
Sporogony – sexual stage Merogony – proliferation of trophozoites, happens in humans Gametogony – part of Schizogony, gametes are the final form of Schizogony
31
species which only involves one host, carried out in a single host and often in a single cell tissue type or single cell tissue (single cell type or specific tissue)
Monoxenous species
32
infesting more than one kind of host especially: requiring at least two kinds of host to complete the life cycle —used of various parasites (as the malaria parasites or the liver flukes) *yan sabi sa search ko
Heteroxenous species
33
Plasmodium species are A. monoxenous B. Heteroxenous (?????)
Monoxenous species attacking only the RBCs (?????????)
34
what do you call the cycle that occurs in the liver
exo-erythrocytic cycle / pre-erythocytic cycle
35
mature form of trophozoite
schizont
36
what do you call the cycle that occurs in the red cells
erythrocytic cycle
37
most virulent and aggressive of the plasmodium which is associated with parasitic burden
plasmodium falciparum
38
immature form of trophozoite
ring form
39
infective stage to the mosquito
gametocytes
40
The gametocytes, once inside the mozquito, will undergo what cycl
sporogony (sexual reproduction)
41
macro and microgametocyte when united will form
ookinete (like a zygote but motile)
42
Ookinete will go the GI tract of mosquito (stomach) and will develop to
oocyst which will be diverted to the salivary gland it will develop and rupture again releasing the sporozoites
43
Sporozoites are released from
the salivary gland -- proboscis (sucking apparatus) of the mosquito where they will be release by the saliva of the mosquito
44
merogony happens in
humans (specifically liver ?)
45
rupture of schizont in the liver will form
merozoites -- hypnozoite -- cryptozoites
46
a malarial parasite in the stage of development during which it lives in tissue cells prior to invading the blood cells.
cryptozoites
47
P. falciparum undergoes what cycle in the human
both exo-erythrocytic and erythrocytic cycle that’s why the treatment for Falciparum is difficult because you have to target two cycles
48
TRUE OR FALSE All plasmodium species undergo both exo-erythrocytic and erythrocytic cycle
FALSE | Not all plasmodium has exo-erythrocytic cycle, others only has the erythrocytic cycle
49
quiescent form of plasmodium is found in
liver
50
sporogony has how many cycle
1 only
51
merogony and schizogony have how many cycle
many unending cycle
52
the most notorious and aggressive because the parasitic burden is very high and when they rupture, they infect more red blood cells and liver cells and you can have several of them infecting one cell
Plasmodium falciparum
53
Number of merozoites in schizont of P. falciparum
6-32 | 8-38
54
attacks both the young and the mature RBCs
Plasmodium falciparum
55
Plasmodium falciparum causes what malaria
malignant tertian takes about 3 days, anywhere between 24-36 hours Day 1 - day 0 Day 2 - 24 hours Day 2 - 36 hours
56
In P. falciparum the remnant of the host RBC is called
Laveran’s bib
57
attacks young RBCs (reticulocytes)
P. vivax and P. ovale
58
of merozoites of P.vivax schizont
12-24 average of 16
59
mature parasites ingest hemoglobin and leave behind by-products called
hemozoin pigment – dots around the gametocyte
60
coarse granulations present in red blood cells invaded by the falciparum malaria parasite
Maurer's dots
61
punctate granulations present in red blood cells invaded by the tertian malaria parasite
Schuffner’s dots
62
broad trophozoite band form is found in
P. malariae
63
wide band across the equator of the red blood cell is found in
P. malariae
64
peculiar / daisy-like formation is found in
P. malariae
65
of merozoites in P. malariae schizont
8-12 merozoites
66
of merozoites in P. ovale schizont
12-24 ???
67
zoonotic (species affecting long tailed macaques)
Plasmodium knowlesi
68
infection in local primates (wild monkeys) | also responsible for the local transmission of Reston ebolavirus
Plasmodium knowlesi
69
endemic areas (of P. knowlesi infection)
Malaysia Philippines other Southeast Asian countries
70
morphologically similar to P. malariae (and even its life cycle)
P. knowlesi
71
can mimic other specie
P. knowlesi ?
72
ring form | band form trophozoite
P. malariae
73
remains the leading parasitic disease that cause mortality worldwide North Africa, India, Southeast Asia, Florida coast
malaria
74
Classic Paroxysms – characteristic periodicity
Chills (15-60 mins) Fever (2-6 hours) Sweating (2-4 hours)
75
other signs and symptoms of malaria
``` Anemia Splenomegaly Headache Body Pains Nausea Vomiting Pallor ```
76
in malaria there is a possible occurrence of
Relapse and Recrudescence
77
infections are usually benign
Plasmodium vivax and Plasmodium ovale
78
Pathogenesis of P. falciparum
presence of “sticky knobs” in infected RBCs (cytoadhesion)
79
in P. falciprarum infection, the infected RBC has the presence of
“sticky knobs” (cytoadhesion) PfEMP-1 (most adhesive protein)
80
has receptors that enable infected RBCs to cling to the wall of endothelial cells of capillary forming microthrombus and aggregate to form a clot can lead to neurological symptoms
P. falciparum
81
formation of microthrombi in the capillaries of the brain resulting to
malignant Cerebral Malaria
82
Complication of Malaria include
Cerebral Malaria Blackwater Malaria
83
urinate dark-colored urine because of the rupture of RBCs forming hemoglobinuria (nephrotic syndrome)
Blackwater Malaria
84
In blackwater malaria the urine is dark-colored because of
the rupture of RBCs forming hemoglobinuria (nephrotic syndrome)
85
a nephrotic syndrome caused by blackwater malaria
hemoglobinuria -- dark-colored urine due to ruptures of RBCs
86
most malarial cases are still coming from 93% of cases
African Region (93%)
87
widest distribution of malaria (species and place)
P. falciparum (in Africa, SEA, Western Pacific Region) P. vivax (in America)
88
most prevalent specie in Philippine setting
P. falciparum is the most prevalent
89
TRUE OR FALSE | ● Mixed Infections may also occur
TRUE
90
Innate Resistance to Infection is seen among:
○ Patients with Thalassemia ○ Duffy Blood Group ○ G6PB deficient persons
91
Lab diagnosis Gold Standard
Microscopy | Preparation of Thick and Thin Smears
92
Sample used
Capillary Blood
93
Stain use in thick and thin smear
Stain Used: Giemsa (pH 7.2)
94
Diagnostic tests
``` ○ Quantitative Buffy Coat ○ Rapid Diagnostic Tests ○ Serology (IFAT) ○ Molecular Methods ○ Culture ```
95
mainstay drug for malaria
● Chloroquine
96
Other drugs for malarial treatment
Artemisinin based Combination therapies (ACTs) ) – such as Arthemeter-Lumefantrine (Coartem) ○ Quinine ○ Primaquine ○ Prophylactic Drugs – mefloquine, doxycycline, atovaquone/proguanil

Parasitology Lec (5 decks)

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