Brainscape's Knowledge GenomeTM

Browse over 1 million classes created by top students, professors, publishers, and experts.


See full index

apk2100c > apk2100c lecture exam 1 > Flashcards

apk2100c lecture exam 1 Flashcards

1
Q

anterior axial regional terminology

A
  1. cephalic
  2. cervical
  3. thoracic
  4. abdominal
  5. pelvic
  6. pubic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
2
Q

anterior appendicular region terminology

A
  1. upper limb
  2. manus
  3. lower limb
  4. pedal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
3
Q

anterior cephalic components

A
  1. frontal (forehead)
  2. orbital
  3. nasal
  4. oral
  5. mental (jaw)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
4
Q

posterior cephalic components

A
  1. otic (ears)
  2. occipital (back of head)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
5
Q

anterior thoracic components

A
  1. sternal
  2. axillary (arm pits)
  3. mammary
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
6
Q

anterior abdominal components

A

umbilical

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
7
Q

anterior pelvic components

A
  1. inguinal/groin
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
8
Q

anterior upper limb components

A
  1. acromial (shoulders)
  2. brachial (upper arm)
  3. antecubital
  4. antebrachial (forearm)
  5. carpal (wrist)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
9
Q

posterior upper limb components

A
  1. acromial
  2. brachial (arm)
  3. olecranal (elbow)
  4. antebrachial (forearm)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
10
Q

posterior back/dorsal components

A
  1. scapular
  2. vertebral
  3. lumbar
  4. sacral (tail bone area)
  5. gluteal
  6. perineal (b/w anus and external genitalia)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
11
Q

anterior manus components

A
  1. pollex = thumb
  2. palmar
  3. digital = fingers
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
12
Q

posterior manus

A
  1. metacarpal
  2. digital
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
13
Q

anterior lower limb

A
  1. coxal = hip
  2. femoral = thigh
  3. patellar = knee
  4. crural = leg
  5. fibular/peroneal = the outter region of legs
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
14
Q

posterior lower limb

A
  1. femoral = thigh
  2. popliteal = back of knees
  3. sural = calf
  4. fibular/peroneal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
15
Q

anterior pedal

A
  1. tarsal = ankle
  2. metatarsal
  3. digital = toes
  4. hallux = big toe
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
16
Q

posterior pedal

A
  1. calcaneal = heels
  2. plantar = bottom of foot
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
17
Q

body planes

A
  1. sagittal
  2. coronal/frontal
  3. transverse/horizontal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
18
Q

sagittal plane

A

vertical plane tht divides into left and right sides
- Midsagittal = cut is thru midline
- Parasagittal = cut into left and right, but not directly along midline

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
19
Q

coronal plane

A

divides body or organ into anterior and posterior portions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
20
Q

transverse/horizontal plane

A

divides body/organ into superior and inferior portions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
21
Q

body cavities

A
  1. Dorsal body cavities
    - Cranial
    - Vertebral canal or spinal cavity
  2. Ventral body cavities
    - Thoracic
    - Abdominopelvic
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
22
Q

cranial body cavity (dorsal)

A

contains and protects brain; Formed by cranial bones

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
23
Q

vertebral canal/spinal cavity (dorsal)

A

formed by bones of vert. Column
Contains & protects spinal cord

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
24
Q

meninges

A

layers of protective tissue tht line the cranial cavity and vertebral canal

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
25
Q

thoracic cavity

A
  1. Pleural = lungs; we have 2 pleural cavities, one for each lung
  2. Mediastinum = has the heart, esophagus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
26
Q

Abdominopelvic Cavity

A

Closed cavities; not open to external environment

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
27
Q

body membranes

A
  1. mucous
  2. serous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
28
Q

mucous membranes

A

lines cavities tht are open to the outside environment
- Cells secrete mucous
- Ex: Oral and nasal cavities, vagina, anus

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
29
Q

serous membranes

A

lines cavities tht are closed to the outside environment
Can secrete serous fluid (lubricant, reduce friction)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
30
Q

cells

A

all living orgs are cellular in nature; smallest living units; human bod has 200+ types of cells

functions:
1. Obtain and use nutrients
2. Dispose of wastes
3. Replicate/regenerate/repair
These functions r carried out by the cell’s organelles

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
31
Q

main components of a cell

A
  1. Plasma membrane
  2. Nucleus
  3. Cytoplasm
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
32
Q

plasma membrane

A

fluid mosaic model; made of phospholipid bilayer (hydrophilic heads, hydrophobic tails)

contains:
1. cholesterol
2. associated proteins - integral (+ transmembrane) & peripheral proteins
3. glycoproteins
4. glycolipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
33
Q

cholesterol (in cell membrane)

A

majority are along the fatty acid tails; avoids water
- Found among lipid tails of the bilayer; 4 ring structure
- Only found in animal cells
- function: Structural integrity of the plasma membrane

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
34
Q

integral proteins

A

embedded within plasma membrane
- more specific type of integral protein = transmembrane protein: spans entire bilayer

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
35
Q

peripheral proteins

A

loosely associated with the plasma membrane; can be intracellular or extracellular (outside of cell)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
36
Q

phospholipids

A

Amphipathic
Dynamic arrangement
Cr8s framework for the plasma membrane
Makes up 75% of membrane lipids

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
37
Q

Glycolipids

A

Only found in layer facing ECF; doesn’t face inside cell
function: Cellular adhesion and recognition

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
38
Q

function of plasma membrane

A
  1. Protective barrier
  2. Cellular communications (via receptor proteins)
  3. Regulated movement of substances in/out (membrane transport)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
39
Q

membrane transport

A
  • Plasma membr is selectively permeable; some solutes simply diffuse across bilayer - no proteins nor ATP needed
  • Integral prots act as transporters & channels to assist in the entrance of impermeant (can’t cross membrane) molecules
    •Carriers = passive transport
    •Pumps = active transport
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
40
Q

active transport

A

requires ATP + transmembrane prot.

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
41
Q

passive transport

A

no ATP required

  1. simple diffusion - soluble molecules move directly across
  2. osmosis - requires aquaporins (protein channel) to transport h2o
  3. facilitated diffusion - requires integral protein
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
42
Q

endocytosis

A

transport using vesicles; Vesicles are membrane compartments made of phospholipids; brings materials into the cell (aka endosomes)

3 types:
1. phagocytosis
2. pinocytosis
3. receptor-mediated endocytosis

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
43
Q

phagocytosis

A
  • cell-eating; bring lrg molecules/macromolecules into the cell; plasma membrane detects something it wants, and it reaches up and out, forms pseudopods (the extensions in pic 1) and reach out and pinch off
  • forms membrane compartment and bring materials into the cell
  • don’t need specific signal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
44
Q

pinocytosis

A
  • cell-drinking; bring smaller solids often dissolved w.in ECF into the cell; no pseudopods
  • invagination occurs instead and top portion of membrane pinches off to form vesicle
  • don’t need specific signal
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
45
Q

Receptor-mediated endocytosis

A

requires ligand to bind to the receptors which generaled signal for vesicles to bring materials in; SPECIFIC

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
46
Q

exocytosis

A

remove material from inside cell; involves vesicle; vesicle fuses with PM and incorporates itself into the PM; ends up releasing the materials contained

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
47
Q

cytoplasm

A

inside of cell
1. cytosol
2. organelles
3. inclusions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
48
Q

cytosol

A

jelly-like fluid in which all other intracellular elements are suspended
- contains: Water, ions, enzymes
- Site of many chem rxns

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
49
Q

organelles

A

specialized structs w/in a cell tht have characteristic shapes and perform specific functions

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
50
Q

inclusions

A

temporary structures; pigments, crystals of protein, food stores; not organelles bc dont have specific function or shape

  • ex: food stores glycogen granules, lipid droplets - can be broken down
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
51
Q

basic organelles

A
  1. mitochondria
  2. nucleus
  3. ribosomes
  4. endoplasmic reticulum
  5. golgi apparatus
  6. lysosome
  7. peroxisome
  8. cytoskeleton
  9. centrosomes and centrioles
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
52
Q

mitochondria

A
  • E production; double membrane organelle
  • Outer mitochondrial membrane
  • Inner mito. Membr; is folded; Folds called CRISTAE - incr surface area = pack more proteins and enzymes to maximize atp production
  • Mitochondrial matrix = space inside mitochondrial membrane
  • Space in between membranes = intermembrane space
  • Has its own DNA; circular, has no protective mechanism = sensitive to damage from free radicals
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
53
Q

ribosomes

A
  • non-membranous organelles; functions in protein synthesis; made of proteins + ribosomal RNA
  • Have 2 subunits; on their own, the subunits will not function properly
    •In actuality, smaller subunit on bottom and large one on top in prot synthesis
    •Location: Found in cytosome - free floating “free ribosomes”; attached to ER (rough)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
54
Q

endoplasmic reticulum/ER

A
  • CONTINUOUS structures, not separate structs.; network within the cytoplasm
  • network of membrane-enclosed cavities (flattened sacs or tubules)
  • Rough ER: protein synth
  • Smooth ER: (lipid metabolism) making/breaking down fats & calcium storage; more tubular
  • RER: Flattened sacs = cisterns/cisternae
  • Nuclear envelope exvaginates to form the RER & SER
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
55
Q

golgi apparatus

A
  • membranous organelle; have some kind of cavity associated with it; sorting center
  • every time we synthesize materials from the ER (proteins or lipids), they need to be modified and sorted in the golgi
  • Proteins from RER transported to golgi via transport vesicle; transport vesicle fuses with membrane of golgi to release materials
  • Transport vesicle: within cell
  • separatory vesicle secretes materials OUTSIDE OF cell
  • has cis vs trans face
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
56
Q

cis phase

A

material arrives at CIS FACE/aka receiving side of golgi - always will be the closest side facing the SER or RER

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
57
Q

trans face

A

shipping side - new vesicle pinches off from golgi membrane and material exits out

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
58
Q

lysosomes

A

digest, break down materials; membranous

  • Very acidic, have enzymes that break down materials, like not working proteins and old parts of organelle; debris via endocytosis and degraded
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
59
Q

peroxisomes

A

smaller than lysosomes; DETOX; aka peroxide bodies; predominantly in liver and kidney cells

  • Neutralize SMALLER toxic waste; assist in breaking down long fatty acid chains
  • Free radicals = very destructive - have extra e- and can damage surrounding structures - OXIDASE enzyme turn free radicals into h2o2; H2o2 is still damaging, but not as bad as free radical
  • catalase converts h2o2 to h2o and o2
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
60
Q

cytoskeleton

A

elaborate network of rods running throughout the cytoplasm; functions like bones, muscles, and ligaments in an organism; support cell’s shape and produces movements in some cases

  • includes: microfilaments, intermediate filaments, and microtubules
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
61
Q

microfilaments

A
  • smallest; ex: actin; actin made of small globular actin molecules aka G actin
  • Found: Edge of cell
  • MICROVILLI: non-motile, microscopic, finger-like projections of the plasma membrane; actin on the side; actin ≠ microvilli - actin act as standing rods inside microvilli to keep it upright/give it structure
    Incr SA of a cell for ABSORPTION
  • Found in absorptive cells (ex: epithelium lining small intestines)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
62
Q

intermediate filaments

A

tough, insoluble protein fibers constructed like woven ropes - larger than microfilaments

  • Found: throughout the cell
  • Stabilize organelle position in the cytosol and attach cells to 1 another
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
63
Q

microtubules

A

largest, hollow tubes of spherical protein subunit; like a coil

  • Project outward from the CENTROSOME
  • Determine cell’s overall shape
  • Also involved in cellular mvmnt (cilia and flagella)
    •Flagella: propelling tail; ex: sperm tail
    •Cilia: along cell surface, hair-like, brush things across cell surface - stroke like mvmnt

Ex: cells in respiratory system have lots of cillia to move mucous to prevent build up when u have a cold

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
64
Q

centrosomes and centrioles

A

Forms microtubules and aids in cellular division

  • Centrioles = made of microtubules; microtubes will spout from centrioles during cellular division
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
65
Q

nucleus

A
  • Nucleolus: site of ribosomal RNA synth
  • Chromatin = genetic material
  • Nuclear envelope/nuclear membrane = double membrane
  • Nuclear pores: allow material to exit or enter nucleus
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
66
Q

tissues

A
  • Basic components of all tissues: cells + extracellular matrix
  • 4 basic tissue type:
    1. epithelial
    2. connective
    3. muscular
    4. nervous
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
67
Q

epithelial tissue function

A

covers body surfaces and lines hollow organs, body cavities, duct, and forms glands

  • Protection of underlying tissues
  • Selective barrier:
  • Secretion - release products onto the free surface; excretion of wastes
  • Absorption
  • Diffusion filtration
  • Sensory reception
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
68
Q

connective tissue functions

A

protects, supports, and binds organs

  • Stores E as fat, provides immunity
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
69
Q

muscular tissue function

A

gener8 the physical force needed to make body structures move and gener8 body heat

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
70
Q

nervous tissue function

A

detect changes in body and responds by gener8ing nerve impulses (control)

How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
71
Q

Epithelial tissue

A
  • Cells arranged in continuous sheets bc they line/cover things; can be single or multiple layers
  • Cells are closely packed and held tightly juntos; little to no extracell matrix
  • Found @ a boundary b/w 2 diff environments
    Ex: epithelial tissue lining digestive tract - need to absorb nutrients in food; have tissue separating where absorption is and where bloodstream is
  • Always have a free surface - one side is anchored to something and one side is facing a free surface (the cavity or hollow area)
How well did you know this?
1
Not at all
2
3
4
5
Perfectly
72
Q

Special features of epithelia

A
  • High cellularity - lots of cells
  • Specialized contacts - allows cells to adhere to e/o
  • Polarity
    •Apical surface - faces body surface, body cavity, lumen, duct; side facing hollow cavity, the external environment
    •Basal surface - opposite of apical surface, adheres to basement membrane; the side that is anchored/bound
  • Support by connective tissue - basement membrane
  • Avascular
  • Nervous innervation
  • Regeneration - high mitotic activity
73
Q

basement membrane

A

has 2 layers: the basal lamina is secreted by the epithelium and the reticular lamina is pt of the underlying connective tissue

74
Q

Classification of epithelia

A
  1. Arrangement of cells into layers
    •Single layer of cells = “simple”
    •Multiple layers stacked on top of e/o = “stratified”
  2. Shapes of cells:
    •Squamous - flat, tile-like
    •Cuboidal - nucleus is more spherical and centered
    •Columinar - nucleus is more oval and off-center; nucleus more towards basal surface
75
Q

Types of epithelial tissue

A
  1. Simple squamous epithelium
  2. Simple columnar
  3. Pseudostratified columnar epithelium
  4. Stratified squamous epithelium
  5. Stratified cuboidal
  6. Stratified columnar
76
Q

Lateral surface features of epithelium

A
  • Specialized contact:
    1. tight junctions
    2. desmosomes
    3. gap junctions
77
Q

tight junctions

A

interlocking junctional proteins fuse plasma membrane of 2 side by side cells juntos; impermeable junctions prevent molecules from passing

78
Q

desmosomes

A

anchoring junctions bind adjacent cells together and help form an internal tension-reducing network of fibers

  • linker glycoproteins/cadherins interdigitized (act like a zipper) to anchor the cells
79
Q

gap junctions

A
  • channel b/w cells/connexon
  • communicating junctions allow ions and small molecules to pass from 1 cell to the next for intercell communication
80
Q

Basal surface features of epithelium

A

anchored to basement membrane: basal lamina

81
Q

Apical surface features of epithelium:

A
  • Microvilli: Extensions of plasma membrane, incr SA, non-motile
  • Cilia: move things along surface of a cell
82
Q

Glands

A
  • epithelia tht make and secrete a product form glands
  • Secretion are aqueous fluids tht usually contain proteins: hormones, mucous, sweat and oils, bile and digestive enzymes, milk
  • Secretions are exocytosed
83
Q

Types of glands

A
  1. endocrine
  2. exocrine
84
Q

endocrine glands

A

secrete hormones DIRECTLY into ECF; hormones then diffuse into blood stream w/o a duct; effector organs are far away

85
Q

exocrine glands

A
  • secretions flow onto body surfaces or into cavities NOT INTO BLOODSTREAM
  • Secretions act LOCALLY - effector.target organs are nearby
  • Multicellular exocrine glands: multiple cells form a gland tht secretes products via a duct (Sweat glands)
  • Unicellular exocrine glands: one-celled gland (ex: goblet cell)
86
Q

goblet cell

A

pt of exocrine gland

  • special feature: have secretory vesicles containing mucin
  • mucin is a glycoprotein that is exocytosed onto the free surface - once it combines with free water, it makes mucus
87
Q

Multicellular exocrine gland

A

has 2 parts
1. separatory portion/glandular epithelium
2. duct
***surface epithelium is NOT pt of the exocrine gland

88
Q

Types of multicellular exocrine glands

A
  1. simple tubular (ex: intestinal glands)
  2. simple branched tubular (stomach/gastric glands)
  3. compound tubular (duodenal glands of small intestine)
  4. simple alveolar (no important ex in humans)
  5. simple branched alveolar (sebaceous/oil glands)
  6. compound alveolar (mammary glands)
  7. compound tubuloalveolar (salivary glands)

*simple duct structure = duct is unbranched
*compound structure = branched duct

89
Q

Covering and lining membranes

A
  1. cutaneous membrane = skin
  2. mucous membrane
  3. serous membrane
90
Q

mucous membrane

A

line OPEN cavities and organs
- ex: tubes of respiratory, digestive, reproductive, and urinary systems

91
Q

serous membranes

A

line CLOSED cavities
- ex: thoracic and abdominal cavities

92
Q

Connective tissue (CT)

A

most diverse and abundant type of tissue

  • 4 main types:
    1. cartilage
    2. proper
    3. bone
    4. blood
93
Q

general characteristics of CT

A
  • made of few cells; CT made of cells and matrix (extracellular matrix)
  • lots of extracell matrix (opp of epithelium)
  • Have common embryonic origin: come from mesenchyme
  • Descendant cells: fibroblast, chondroblast, osteoblast, hematopoietic stem cell
    • these immature cells retain the capacity for mitosis and SECRETE THE MATRIX
  • mature cells have reduced capacity for cell division; mostly involved in matrix maintenance
94
Q

Fibroblast development

A

Fibroblast -> fibrocyte -> connective tissue proper -> 1. Loose CT and 2. Dense CT

95
Q

loose CT proper

A
  • have 3 types
    1. areolar
    2. adipose
    3. reticular
    *TIP: LARA
    Loose
    Areolar
    Reticular
    Adipose
96
Q

dense CT proper

A
  • have 3 types;
    1. regular
    2. irregular
    3. elastic
    TIP: DIRE
    Dense
    Irregular
    Regular
    Elastic
97
Q

Chondroblast development

A

chrondroblast (immature cartilage cell) -> chondrocyte (mature cartilage cell) -> cartilage

98
Q

cartilage

A
  • 3 types
    1. Hyaline cartilage
    2. Fibrocartilage
    3. Elastic cartilage

TIP: CHEF
Cartilage
Hyaline
Elastic
Fibrocartilage

99
Q

osteoblast development

A

Osteoblast -> osteocyte -> osseous/bone

100
Q

bones

A
  • connective tissue
  • 2 types: compact bone & spongy (cancellous) bone
101
Q

Hematopoietic stem cell development

A

Hematopoietic stem cell -> blood cells and macroprophages

102
Q

CT extracellular matrix components

A

matrix contains protein fibers embedded in a fluid, gel, or solid ground substance

  1. Ground substance - material tht fills space b/w cells and fibers
    •can be fluid, semifluid, gelatinous, or calcified
    • functions to support and bind cells, store h2o, and acts as medium for exchange b/w blood and cells
    • combo of proteins and polysacchs.
  2. Fibers: ynthesized by fibroblasts; provides strength and support for tissues; 3 types - collagen, reticular, and elastic
103
Q

CT cells

A
  1. Fibroblasts
  2. Adipocytes /fat cells
  3. Mast cells
  4. WBCs
  5. Macrophages
  6. Plasma cells
104
Q

fibroblasts

A

CT cell tht secretes fibers and components of ground substance

105
Q

adipocytes

A

CT cell tht stores triglycerides

106
Q

mast cells

A

ct cell tht produces histamine (incr blood flow) and heparin (prevents blood clotting)

107
Q

WBCs

A

ct cell pt of immune response

  • neutrophils and eosinophils
108
Q

macrophages

A

CT cells tht engulf bacteria and cellular debris by phagocytosis

109
Q

plasma cells

A

CT cells tht secrete antibodies

110
Q

collagen fibers

A
  • largest in diameter, rope-like structures
  • strongest of the fibers; tough, flexible
  • function; tensile strength; resists stretching
111
Q

elastic fibers

A

allows for stretch and RECOIL
- intermediate diameter (long, thin fibers)
- branches form networks

112
Q

reticular fibers

A

forms sponge-like framework

  • smallest diameter
  • have special collagen fibrils ; not the same as FIBERS; cluster into networks
  • function: support
113
Q

Case study: scurvy

A
  • Vitamin C is necessary for cross-linkage of collagen FIBRILS to make collagen FIBERS
  • collagen helps: hold teeth in place, reinforce blood vessels, wound healing
  • What symptoms might u expect from someone suffering from scurvy?: Lose teeth, lots of bleeding, reduced healing
114
Q

Areolar loose connective tissue

A
  • Gel-like matrix with all 3 fiber types
  • cells: fibroblasts, macrophages, mast cells, and some WBCs
  • Function: wraps and cushions organs macrophages phagocytize bacteria; plays important role in inflammation; holds and conveys tissue fluid
  • Location: widely distributed under epithelia of body (ex: forms lamina propria of mucous membranes; packages organs; surrounds capillaries)
115
Q

Adipose loose CT proper

A
  • Matrix as in areolar CT, but v sparse; closely packed adipocytes have nucleus pushed to the side by lrg fat droplet (lipid droplet = inclusion)
  • Function: provides reserve food fuel; insulate against heat loss; supports and protects organs
  • Location: under skin in hypodermis; around kidneys and eyeballs; within abdomen; in breasts
116
Q

Reticular loose ct proper

A
  • Network of reticular fibers in a typical loose ground substance; reticular cells lie on network
  • Function: fibers form a soft internal skeelton/stroma tht supports other cell types including WBCs, mast cells, and macrophages; more associated with immune system
  • Location: lymphoid organs (lymph nodes, bone marrow, and spleen)
  • looks like cherry blossom tree
117
Q

Dense regular connective tissue proper

A
  • Primarily parallel collagen fibers; a few elastic fibers; major cell type is the fibroblast
  • Function: attaches muscles to bones or to muscles; attaches bones to bones; withstands gr9 tensile stress when pulling force is applied in 1 direction
  • Location: tendons, most ligaments, aponeuroses
118
Q

Dense irregular CT proper

A
  • Primarily irregularly arranged collagen fibers, swirly pattern/marbling; some elastic fibers; major cell type is fibroblast; defense cells and fat cells also present
  • Function: able to withstand tension exerted in many directions bc swirly/irregular placement; provides structural strength
  • Location: fibrous capsules of organs and of joints, dermis of the skin, submucosa of digestive tract
119
Q

Dense elastic CT proper

A
  • Predominant fiber type = elastic, not collagen
    Squiggly pattern
  • Function: ^allows recoil of tissue following stretching; maintains pulsatile flow of blood thru arteries; aids passive recoil of lungs following inspiration
  • Location: walls of large arteries; within certain ligaments associated with the vertebral column; within the walls of the bronchial tubes
120
Q

Hyaline cartilage

A
  • amorphous but firm matrix; collagen fibers form an imperceptible network; chondroblasts produce the matrix and, when mature (chrondocytes), lie in lacunae (cavity within this type of cartilage where the chondrocyte is)
  • Function: supports and reinforces; serves as resilient cushion; resists compressive stress
  • Location: forms most of the embryonic skeleton; covers the ends of long bones in joint cavities; forms costal cartilages of the ribs; cartilages of the nose, trachea, and larynx
121
Q

Elastic cartilage

A

similar to hyaline cartilage, but more elastic fibers in matrix; hyaline cartilage is much more opaque, while elastic fibers are more visible in elastic cartilage

  • Function: maintains the shape of a structure while allowing gr8 flexibility
  • Location: supports the external ear (pinna/outer portion of ear NOT EARLOBE); epiglottis; earlobe is made of areolar loose connective tissue proper and adipose tissue
122
Q

fibrocartilage

A
  • matrix similar to but less firm than that in hyaline cartilage; thick collagen fibers predominate
  • Function: tensile strength w/ the ability to absorb compressive shock
  • Location: intervertebral discs (between vertebrae); pubic symphysis; discs of knee joint
123
Q

Osteocyte/bone

A
  • Hard, calcified matrix containing many collagen fibers; osteocytes lie in lacunae; very well vascularized
  • Function: supports and protects (by enclosing); provides levers for the muscles to act on; stores calcium and other minerals and fat; marrow inside bones = site for blood cell formation (hemtaopoiesis)

2 types of bone: compact and spongy

124
Q

blood

A
  • Fluid form of connective tissue; red and wbcs in a fluid matrix (plasma)
  • Function: transport respiratory gases, nutrients, wastes, and other substances
  • Location: contained within blood vessels
125
Q

erythrocytes

A

RBCs

  • Function; transports respiratory gases; biconcave disc shape; no organelles inside - ANUCLEAR
126
Q

Muscle Tissue

A
  1. Skeletal - body movement
  2. Cardiac - blood movement - heart to lungs to body - blood back into heart
  3. Smooth - lots of functions (move things through GI tract, intestines, etc)

General function: movement

127
Q

skeletal muscle

A

long, cylindrical, multinucleate cells; obvious striations

  • Function: voluntary mvnmt, locomotion, manipulation of the environment; facial expression
  • Location: in skeletal muscles attached to bones or occasionally to skin
128
Q

cardiac muscle

A

branching, striated, generally uninucleate cells tht interdigitate at specialized junctions (intercalated discs)

  • Function: as it contracts, it propels blood into the circulation; involuntary control
  • Location: only in walls of the heart
129
Q

smooth muscle

A

spindle-shaped cells with central nuclei; no striations; cells arranged closely to form sheets

  • Function: propels substances or objects (foodstuffs, urine, a baby - uterine contractions during labor), along internal passageways, involuntary control
  • Location: mostly in the walls of hollow organs (GI tract, stomach, intestines)
130
Q

Smooth Muscle vs Dense Reg CT Proper

A
  • Smooth: nuclei INSIDE fibers
  • Dense regular CT: nuclei wedged BETWEEN fibers - look for gaps; Nuclei lined up in rows one after another
131
Q

nervous tissue

A

main tissue of nervous system

  • Brain, spinal cord, nerves
  • Contains 2 types of cells: neurons & neuroglia/glial cells
  • Neurons are branching cells; cell processes tht may be quite long xtend from the nucleus-containing cell body; also contributing to nervous tissue are nonconducting supporting cells, neuroglia (not illustrated)
  • Functions: transmit electrical signals from sensory receptors and to effectors (muscles and glands) tht control the activity of the effector organs
  • Location: brain, spinal cord, and nerves
132
Q

glial cells

A

Glial cells are more abundant; not really used for signaling, but they support the neurons

133
Q

Regenerative Capacity of Tissues

A
  • Good regenerators: bone, areolar & dense irregular CT; blood + epithelia
  • Mediocre: smooth muscle
  • Poor: skeletal muscle, tendons, ligaments (ACL tear), cartilage (ex: Achilles tendon = dense regular CT proper - requires surgery to reattach tendon)
  • Almost no regeneration: cardiac muscle, nervous tissue
134
Q

integumentary system

A
  1. Skin = integument; largest organ of the body
  2. Accessory organs: hair, nails, oil and sweat glands
135
Q

layers of the skin

A

1: epidermis = top surface
2: dermis

HYPODERMIS IS NOT TECHNICALLY PART OF THE SKIN

136
Q

functions of the skin

A
  1. Thermoregulation
  2. Protection - physical barrier
  3. Sensory reception - nerve endings within the skin
  4. Excretion
  5. Vitamin d production
137
Q

epidermis

A

most superficial layer; AVASCULAR; made of keratinized stratified squamous epithelium

138
Q

4 types of epithelial cells

A
  1. Keratinocytes - >90%, majority of cells in epidermis; physical and mechanical protection, produce antibiotics and enzymes that detoxify harmful chemicals
  2. Melanocytes - produce pigments for the skin (tan, skin tone)
  3. Langerhans/dendritic cells - immune function
  4. Merkel (tactile epithelial cells) - allow us to sense pressure and touch
139
Q

thin skin

A

areas of skin where there is little friction; most of the body; 4 epidermal layers

140
Q

thick skin

A

areas of skin where friction commonly develops; palms, feet, fingertips

  • 5 epidermal layers
141
Q

Layers of the thin epidermis

A

4 strata

in order of deep to superficial:
1. stratum basale
2. stratum spinosum
3. stratum granulosum
4. stratum corneum

142
Q

Stratum basale

A

deepest epidermal layer; anchored, most basal layer

  • 1 row of actively mitotic stem cells; some newly formed cells become part of the more superficial layers.
  • Only 1 row of keratinocytes; when melanocytes produce melanin, they deposit the melanin into nearby keratinocytes
  • See occasional melanocytes and dendritic cells
  • Has high mitotic activity/cell division; the more cells we cr8, the more piling up occurs, pushes everything up
143
Q

stratum spinosum

A

several layers of keratinocytes unified by desmosomes.

  • cells contain thick bundles of intermediate filaments made of pre-keratin
  • Tonofilaments: intermediate filaments made of prekerotin found in the keratinocytes of the stratum spinosum
144
Q

stratum granulosum

A

1 to 5 layers of flattened cells, organelles deteriorating; cytoplasm full of lamellar granules (release lipids) and keratohyalin granules

  • Granules: melanin and lamellar granules - lamellar granules make skin more water resistant bc it is lipid based
  • Cells flattened bc they’re missing organelles
145
Q

stratum corneum

A
  • most superficial; 20-30 layers of dead cells
  • represented only by flat membranous sacs filled with keratin; glycolipids in extracellular space
  • As we get further away from stratum basale, can’t get enough nutrients so cells begin to die off (bc epidermis is avascular)
146
Q

layers of thick epidermis

A

superficial to deep:

  1. Stratum corneum
  2. Stratum lucidum: only in thick epidermis; slightly translucent
  3. Stratum granulosum; dark layer bc melanin
  4. Stratum spinosum
  5. Stratum basale
147
Q

tans and tattoos

A
  • Epidermis is replaced ~every month
  • How long does tan last? - few weeks - lose tan by previous cells sloughing off and being replaced by new ones
  • What aspects of a tattoo reflect the structures present in the epidermis? - ink is NOT placed in epidermis bc the epidermis is constantly being replaced so tattoo will disappear - needs to be in a deeper layer - needs to go in area that is VASCULAR (tattooing involves BLEEDING - epidermis is AVASCULAR)
148
Q

skin tone pigments

A
  1. Melanin: pigment produced in hair and skin; brown
  2. Carotene: orange color
  3. Hemoglobin: in blood, red color
149
Q

melanin

A

2 types: eumelanin and pheomelanin

  • produced in skin and hair
  • Melanocytes produce a protein (melanin) which places itself b/w the sun and a cell’s nucleus
  • Melanocytes takes amino acid tyrosine and converts it into melanin; then transfer melanin into kertinocytes; once released inside, melanin granules surround the nucleus - Protects nucleus from UV rays
  • # of melanocytes is the same for everyone; differences in skin color due to amt of pigment produced (melanin) and transferred to keratinocytes
  • Light skin: melanin clumped near nucleus; breaks down quickly
  • Dark skin: melanin spread throughout keratinocytes; breaks down slowly
150
Q

eumelanin

A

imparts brown to black color

151
Q

pheomelanin

A

imparts yellow to red colors particularly noticeable in hair

152
Q

albinism

A

cannot produce any melanin due to genetic disorder
- Have melanocytes, but can’t convert tyrosine into melanin

  • Usually due to in an inability to produce tyrosinase enzyme
  • Results in translucent hair, skin, and eyes; display pink or red eyes
153
Q

dermis

A
  • Mostly connective tissue, very tough
  • where vast majority of nerve ends
  • Many other structures in the dermis: blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, nerves
  • Has 2 regions:
    1. Most superficial = papillary layer
    2. Deeper layer = reticular layer
  • contain appendages of the skin, which are derived in epidermis but located in dermis
154
Q

papillary layer of dermis

A

most superficial; (darker pink layer with curvy look)

  • areolar loose connective tissue proper makes up this layer
  • includes dermal papillae
155
Q

reticular layer of dermis

A

deeper layer

  • formed by dense irregular connective tissue proper; FORMS FINGERPRINTS
  • “reticular” = network - refers to the network of collagen fiber within the dense CT
156
Q

Dermal papillae

A

small projections of the papillary dermis into the overlying epithelium

  • enhances surface area for nutrient/gas exchange & strengths the dermal-epidermal junction
  • keratinocytes get nutrients via diffusion from the underlying dermal layer since it is avascular
  • Dermal papillae is NOT what makes ur fingerprints bc they dont match the epidermal ridges
157
Q

what forms fingerprints?

A

Epidermal ridge = peaks and valleys tht form fingerprints; underlying mounds of tissue tht protrudes up to form fingerprints

158
Q

cleavage lines

A
  • separations or less dense regions of collagen bundles in the reticular dermis cr8 invisible cleavage lines in the skin
  • Incisions made along the cleavage lines tend to gape less and heal more quickly than incisions made across cleavage lines
  • DONT CUT PERPENDICULAR TO CLEAVE LINES = longer to heal
159
Q

hypodermis

A
  • subcutaneous layer of CT; NOT PART OF THE SKIN
  • made mostly of adipose loose CT proper
  • Varies in thickness
  • Projects underlying structure, insulates, and stores E
  • Contains large blood vessels, lymphatic vessels, and nerves whose branches extend into the dermis
160
Q

Cutaneous sensation

A
  • many structures are imbedded in the dermis
  • Most of these structures are derived from the epidermis
    •Hair follicles
    •Sweat glands
    •Oil glands

Some structures are from underlying nerves which transmit info to the CNS

161
Q

free nerve endings

A

found in epidermis

senses pain

  • u want to sense pain immediately bc u want to avoid trauma ASAP before u take serious damage
162
Q

nerves in dermis

A
  • heat, cold, light touch - close to epidermis-dermal junction bc u want to sense this asap; are encapsulated/enclosed
  • Deeper in dermis: strong pressure
  • Nerves around hair follicle to sense hair movement
163
Q

Appendages of the skin

A

derived from epidermis, but mostly located in dermis

  • Nails, hair & hair follicles, sebaceous/oil glands, sweat glands
164
Q

nails

A

scale-like modification of the epidermis containing dead keratinocytes full of HARD keratin

165
Q

Superficial nail structures

A
  1. White part of nail = free edge of the nail (the part u cut off)
  2. Nail plate = pink part = directly over the digit; pink bc nail is v transparent bc of dead keratinocytes so blood supply/capillaries are more visible
  3. Lunule = crescent shape at proximal end of nail; where nail matrix is = where cells proliferate to generate more nail; tht region is very thick so its white and not pink
  4. Lateral nail fold
  5. Eponychium = cuticle
166
Q

deep nail structures

A
  1. Free edge
  2. Nail plate right on top of nail bed
  3. Nail bed = made of epidermal cells
  4. Nail root = hardened pt of nail tht covers the nail matrix
167
Q

hair

A

flexible columns of dead keratinocytes full of HARD keratin

  • 2 parts:
  1. shaft: hair above the surface
  2. root: below the surface
168
Q

Hair and hair follicle anatomy

A

3 layers

  1. Medulla = inner most; inner pore
  2. Cortex - surrounds medulla
  3. Cuticle - outermost layer
169
Q

hair follicle

A

sheath that is around the hair itself

  • made of external and internal root sheath
  • arrector pili muscle associated with it
  • sebaceous glands are associated with it
170
Q

External root sheath (hair)

A

most superficial to the hair; derived from stratum basale

171
Q

Internal root sheath (hair)

A
  • closest to the hair
  • derived from stratum corneum of epidermis tht inavginates downward - as soon as it invaginates around the hair, it is the internal root sheath
172
Q

hair bulb

A

(looks like a tooth); where blood vessels come in to provide nutrients to cell to hair matrix in the bulb

173
Q

arrector pili muscle

A

directly attached to hair follicle

  • when u get goosebumps, tht is due to the arrector pili muscle contracting, pulling the hair up - it kinda gapes the skin a little, giving the goosebump look
174
Q

types of hair

A

Straight: hair matrix is circular
Wavy: hair matrix is like a bean shape
Curly: oval shape

175
Q

sebaceous glands

A
  • located everywhere except the plantar and palmar regions; duct dumps into a hair follicle; simple alveolar type of exocrine gland
176
Q

sebum

A
  • keeps hair/skin soft
  • protects against brittle hair/skin
  • protects epidermis from cracking
  • collects dirt
  • impedes water loss across skin
177
Q

sweat glands/sudoriferous

A

tubular exocrine gland

2 types: eccrine & apocrine

178
Q

eccrine sweat glands

A

palms, soles, forehead, almost every where

  • true “sweat”; watery
  • thermoregulatory function
  • duct opens directly onto skin surface
179
Q

apocrine sweat glands

A

axillary, anal, genital areas only

  • duct opens to hair follicle
  • milky “sweat” bc it mixes with sebum and other substances in the follicles - so this results in body odor
  • no thermoregulatory function

apk2100c (4 decks)

Brainscape helps you reach your goals faster, through stronger study habits.
© 2024 Bold Learning Solutions. Terms and Conditions