Aplication Of Biotechnology Flashcards
(25 cards)
What is PCR
It’s a technique that allows for any sequence of DNA to be cloned or amplified
Is the DNA in PCR cloned in vitro or in vivo
In vitro
What are the main applications in biotechnology
Medicine- diagnosis of diseases
- gene therapy
-DNA profiling
What is DNA profiling
Using DNA to distinguish between and/or identify individuals used in paternity cases or identifying suspects
What are the stages in reproductive cloning
- Nucleus is removed from egg cell
- Somatic cell is added from adult donor into Egg
- Egg is grown in culture to produce an early embryo
- The embryo is then implanted into the surrogate mother
- Clone of donor is born
Why is DNA technology used within farming
To improve productivity, and improve the standard of products
Define transgenic organisms
Organisms whose genomes carry genes from another species
What is the advantages and disadvantage of GM foods containing the same genes
A. - they will all contain the genes for desired traits such as pest resistance and delayed ripening
B- there will be a very small gene pool as they all contain the same genes meaning they all may be susceptible to a particular type of bacteria. Meaning if one becomes contaminated then they’d all die as none of them would have a mutation that gives them a resistance to it
What does comparisons of genomes between organisms provide insights to
Evolution
What has mapping smaller genomes helped us do
they helped to develop
the strategies, techniques and technologies
necessary for sequencing the human
genome (much larger!)
A cloned copy of a short fragment
can be sequenced using….
DNA
sequencing machine
What is the Sanger method
Involves DNA labelling, DNA synthesis in vitro including special chain-terminating nucleotides and hi-res gel electrophoresis
What is sequencing by synthesis
A method where lots of DNA fragments are copied.
- A specific strand of each fragment is immobilised and the complementary strand is synthesised one nucleotide at a time
- then a chemical technique enables electronic monitors to identify in real time which of the 4 nucleotides is added
What type of technology is sequencing by synthesis
High-throughput
Why is new born testing conducted
To test for serious genetic illnesses, in hopes of using preventative measures or curing it before it becomes a problem
What are DNA microarray assays
They’re used to compare patterns of gene expression in different tissues, at different times, or under different conditions
What are the steps to set up a DNA microarray assay
- Isolate the mRNA
2.make cDNA by reverse transcription using fluorescently labeled nucleotides - Apply the cDNA mixture to a microarray, a different gene in each spot. The cDNA hybridises with any complementary DNA on the microarray
- Rinse off excess cDNA, scan the microarray for fluorescence. Each flourescent spot represents a gene expressed in the tissue sample
How does a DNA array show which genes are expressed in different tissues
Describe the stages in RNA sequencing
- mRNA’s are isolated from the tissue being studied
- mRNA’s are cut into similar - sized , small fragments
- mRNAs are reverse transcribed into cDNAs of the same size
- cDNAs are sequenced
S. The short sequences are mapped by computer onto the genome sequence.
Describe RNA sequencing
This is where RNA’s are isolated, cut into short fragments and converted into c-DNA’s and sequenced
What is in vitro mutagenesis
Where specific mutations are introduced into a cloned gene altering or destroying its function
What is the CRISPR-Cas9 system
technique for gene editing in living cells and
organisms
How does cas 9 work
Cas9 acts together with a “guide RNA” made from
the CRISPR region of the bacterial system
• It will cut both strands of any DNA sequence
complementary to the guide RNA
• If the guide RNA is engineered to be complementary
to the target gene, the target DNA will be cut
When the cut DNA is repaired,
nucleotides may be introduced or
removed, causing the gene to be
inactivated
• Researchers have also modified the
technique so a gene with a mutation in
it can be repaired
• This is done by introducing a segment
of the wild-type gene, which may be
used as a template to repair the target DNA
