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APMWH Unit 1 Flashcards

(59 cards)

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1
Q
  1. Spread of Religion & Unifying Social Forces:
A

Neo-Confucianism in East Asia reinforced cultural identity.

Islam united diverse political and linguistic regions (Dar al-Islam).

Christianity, especially the Catholic Church, unified Europe.

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2
Q
  1. Centralized vs. Decentralized States:
A

Centralized: Arab Caliphates, Song Dynasty.

Decentralized: Western Europe, Japan.

Americas: Inca Empire, Mississippian culture.

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3
Q
  1. Movement of Peoples & Political Shifts:
A

Mongols and Turks disrupted political structures.

Turkic peoples founded Mamluk & Delhi Sultanates.

Post-Mongol period shaped long-term governance.

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4
Q
  1. Long-Distance Trade & Technological Growth:
A

Compass, shipbuilding, gunpowder improved trade.

Major trade networks: Silk Road, Indian Ocean, Trans-Saharan, Mediterranean.

Cultural exchanges via travelers like Ibn Battuta, Marco Polo.

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5
Q
  1. War, Disease & Famine:
A

The Black Death killed 1/3 of Europe, weakening feudalism.

Mongol Conquests caused high death tolls, weakening regions.

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6
Q
  1. Economic & Political Recovery:
A

Renaissance in Italian city-states due to wealth from trade.

Ming Dynasty: cultural and naval expansion (Zheng He).

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7
Q

Cultural Developments & Belief Systems:

A

Neo-Confucianism
Catholic Church
Eastern Orthodox Church
Shi’a
Sunni

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8
Q

Sunni

A

Largest branch of Islam, follows first three caliphs.

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9
Q

Shi’a

A

Branch of Islam that follows Ali as Muhammad’s true successor.

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10
Q

Eastern Orthodox Church

A

Major branch of Christianity in Eastern Europe.

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11
Q

Catholic Church

A

Led by the pope, dominant in Europe.

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12
Q

Neo-Confucianism

A

Fusion of Confucian & Buddhist ideas in China.

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13
Q

Civilizations in the Americas:

A

Chinampa
Mit’a

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14
Q

Mit’a

A

Inca labor system requiring periodic service.

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15
Q

Chinampa

A

Mesoamerican floating gardens for farming.

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16
Q

Civilizations in East Asia:

A

Mandate of Heaven
Grand Canal
Champa Rice

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17
Q

Mandate of Heaven

A

Justification for Chinese rulers.

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18
Q

Champa Rice

A

High-yield rice from Vietnam that boosted Chinese population.

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19
Q

Grand Canal

A

Facilitated grain shipment in China.

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20
Q

Islamic Golden Age:

A

Al-Andalus
Astrolabe
Trans-Saharan Trade

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21
Q

Trans-Saharan Trade

A

Camel caravan trade linking Africa and the Islamic world.

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22
Q

Astrolabe

A

Navigational tool refined by Islamic scholars.

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23
Q

Al-Andalus

A

Muslim Spain, known for cultural achievements.

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24
Q

Europe in the Late Middle Ages:

Study These Flashcards
A

Feudalism
Bills of Exchange
Crusades

25
Feudalism
Lords protected vassals in exchange for service.
26
Bills of Exchange
Early banking system aiding trade.
27
Crusades
Christian military campaigns for the Holy Land.
28
Nomadic & Traveling Empires:
Ottomans Mongols Genghis Khan
29
Ottomans
Turkish empire that captured Constantinople in 1453.
30
Mongols
Nomadic conquerors led by Genghis Khan.
31
Genghis Khan
Mongol leader who expanded empire.
32
Civilizations in Africa:
Mansa Musa Swahili City-States
33
Swahili City-States
East African trade hubs blending Arab & Bantu cultures.
34
Mansa Musa
Mali emperor famous for wealth and pilgrimage to Mecca.
35
Interregional Economic & Cultural Exchange:
Bubonic Plague Melaka Ibn Battuta Marco Polo
36
Melaka
Major trading city in Southeast Asia.
37
Bubonic Plague
Devastating disease that ended feudalism in Europe.
38
Ibn Battuta
Muslim traveler documenting Africa & the Islamic world.
39
Marco Polo
Venetian merchant whose travels sparked European interest in Asia.
40
Recovery & Renaissance in Asia & Europe:
Renaissance
41
Renaissance
Rebirth of classical learning & arts in Europe
42
The Song Dynasty:
Time Period: 960-1279 CE State-building & Maintenance: The Song Dynasty maintained and justified its rule through two key methods Women’s Role in Song China: Expansion of the Imperial Bureaucracy:
43
State-building & Maintenance: The Song Dynasty maintained and justified its rule through two key methods:
Confucianism & Neo-Confucianism: Revived Confucian principles from the Tang Dynasty, emphasizing social harmony and hierarchy. Neo-Confucianism emerged as a response to Buddhist influence and reasserted Confucian values. Filial Piety & Social Order: Society was structured hierarchically. Citizens submitted to the state, women to men, juniors to elders, and children to parents. Filial piety reinforced obedience and respect within families and society.
44
Women’s Role in Song China:
Women were relegated to subordinate roles with fewer legal rights. Their property became their husband's upon marriage. Widows and divorced women could not remarry. Limited access to education. Elite women endured foot binding, a painful process that symbolized status by rendering women unable to work or walk easily.
45
Expansion of the Imperial Bureaucracy:
The Song expanded the imperial bureaucracy, a hierarchical government structure that enforced the emperor's policies. Entry into the bureaucracy was determined by the civil service exam, which tested knowledge of Confucian classics. While theoretically open to all men, preparing for the exam required wealth, as it demanded years of study without working. This system ensured that government positions were awarded based on merit rather than hereditary privilege.
46
Chinese Influence on Korea:
Korea adopted many elements of Chinese political and cultural traditions while maintaining its distinct identity. Confucianism & Bureaucracy: Korea implemented a civil service examination system similar to China's, but it was limited to the aristocracy, reinforcing a rigid social hierarchy. Buddhism: Heavily influenced by Chinese Mahayana Buddhism, which shaped Korean religious and artistic traditions. Writing System: Korea initially used Chinese characters before developing Hangul, their unique writing system in the 15th century. Tributary Relationship: Korea maintained a tributary relationship with China, acknowledging its superiority while retaining autonomy in governance.
47
Dar al-Islam & the Islamic Golden Age:
Sharia Law: Scientific & Cultural Innovations: Expansion of Islam:
48
Sharia Law:
Islamic law based on the Quran and Hadith, shaping legal systems across Muslim states.
49
Scientific & Cultural Innovations:
Nasir al-Din al-Tusi: Advanced mathematics and invented trigonometry. Preservation of Greek Philosophy: Muslim scholars translated and commented on works of Plato and Aristotle. House of Wisdom (Baghdad): A major intellectual center during the Abbasid Caliphate.
50
Expansion of Islam:
Military Expansion: Seljuk Empire, Mamluk Sultanate, Delhi Sultanate. Trade & Merchants: Islam spread through trade networks, notably in West Africa (Mali Empire). Sufi Missionaries: Spread Islam through mystical practices, adapting to local cultures.
51
State Building in the Americas & Africa:
Aztec Empire (Founded 1345) Inca Empire (Early 1400s): Mississippian Culture: Swahili Civilization: West African Empires (Ghana, Mali, Songhai): Hausa Kingdoms: Great Zimbabwe (1250-1450): Ethiopia:
52
Ethiopia:
A Christian kingdom distinct in a region dominated by Islam. Maintained a hierarchical power structure with a strong monarch.
53
Great Zimbabwe (1250-1450):
A powerful trade-based kingdom with massive stone structures. Maintained indigenous religious traditions instead of converting to Islam.
54
Hausa Kingdoms:
A collection of city-states focused on trade, similar to the Swahili states.
55
West African Empires (Ghana, Mali, Songhai):
Grew through trans-Saharan trade in gold and salt. Islam influenced elites but indigenous beliefs remained dominant.
56
Swahili Civilization:
Series of East African city-states involved in Indian Ocean trade. Politically independent but shared a common culture. Islam spread via merchants, influencing language and society.
57
Mississippian Culture:
First large-scale civilization in North America. Built mound structures for burial and political purposes. Cahokia, the largest Mississippian city, had over 80 mounds.
58
Inca Empire (Early 1400s):
Centralized rule with an extensive bureaucracy. Used the Mita system, requiring labor on state projects. Maintained control through a hierarchy of officials.
59
Aztec Empire (Founded 1345):
Built a vast tribute-based empire with Tenochtitlán as the capital. Conquered peoples provided labor, goods, and human sacrifices. Expanded aggressively through alliances and warfare.

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