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Biology 101 > Apologia > Flashcards

Apologia Flashcards

(85 cards)

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1
Q

Abiogenesis

A

The idea that long ago, very simple life forms spontaneously appeared through chemical reactions.

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2
Q

Receptors

A

Special structures that allow living organisms to sense the conditions of their internal or external environment.

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3
Q

Metabolism

A

The sum total of all processes in an organism which convert energy and matter from outside sources and use that energy and matter to sustain the organism’s life functions.

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4
Q

Anabolism

A

The sum total of all processes in an organism which use energy and simple chemical building blocks to produce large chemicals and structures necessary for life.

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5
Q

Catabolism

A

The sum total of all processes in an organism which break down chemicals to produce energy and simple chemical building blocks

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6
Q

Prokaryotic cell

A

A cell that has no distinct, membrane-bounded organelles

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7
Q

Eukaryotic cell

A

A cell with distinct, membrane-bounded organelles.

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8
Q

Species

A

A unit of one or more populations of individuals that can reproduce under normal conditions, produce fertile offspring, and are reproductively isolated from other such units.

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9
Q

Autotrophs

A

Make their own food.

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10
Q

Pathogen

A

An organism that causes disease

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11
Q

Saprophyte

A

An organism that feeds on dead matter

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12
Q

Parasite

A

an organism that feeds on a living host

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13
Q

Aerobic Organism

A

an organism that requires oxygen

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14
Q

Anaerobic Organism

A

An organism that does not require oxygen

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15
Q

Steady State

A

A state in which members of a population die as quickly as new members are born

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16
Q

Exponential growth

A

Population growth that is unhindered because of the abundance of resources for an ever-increasing population

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17
Q

Logistic growth

A

population growth that is controlled by limited resources

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18
Q

Conjugation

A

a temporary union of two organisms for the purpose of DNA transfer

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19
Q

Plasmid

A

A small, circular section of extra DNA that confers one or more traits to a bacterium and can be reproduced separately from the main bacterial genetic code

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20
Q

Transformation

A

The transfer of a DNA segment form a nonfunctional donor cell to that of a functional recipient cell

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21
Q

Transduction

A

The process in which infection by a virus results in DNA being transferred from one bacterium to another

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22
Q

Endospore

A

The DNA and other essential parts of a bacterium coated with several hard layers

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23
Q

Strains

A

Organisms from the same species that have markedly different traits

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24
Q

Pseudopod

A

A temporary, foot-like extension of a cell, used for locomotion or engulfing food

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25
Nucleus
The region of a eukaryotic cell that contains the cell's main DNA
26
Vacuole
A membrane-bounded "sac" within a cell
27
Ectoplasm
The thin, watery cytoplasm near that plasma membrane of some cells
28
Endoplasm
the dense cytoplasm found in the interior of many cells
29
Flagellate
a protozoan that propels itself with a flagellum
30
Pellicle
a firm, flexible coating outside the plasma membrane
31
Chloroplast
An organelle containing chlorophyll for photosynthesis
32
Chlorophyll
A pigment necessary for photosynthesis
33
Eyespot
A light-sensitive region in certain protozoa
34
Symbiosis
A close relationship between two or more species where at least one benefits
35
Mutualism
A relationship between two ore more organisms of different species where all benefit from the association
36
Commensalism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is neither harmed nor benefitted
37
Parasitism
A relationship between two organisms of different species where one benefits and the other is harmed
38
Cilia
hairlike projections that extend from the plasma membrane and are used for locomotion
39
Spore
a reproductive cell with hard, protective coating
40
Plankton
Tiny organisms that float in the water
41
Zooplankton
Tiny floating organisms that are either small animals or protozoa
42
Phytoplankton
TIny floating photosynthetic organisms, primarily algae
43
Thallus
The body of a plant-like organism that is not divided into leaves, roots, or stems
44
Cellulose
a substance (made of sugars) that is common in the cell walls of many organisms
45
Holdfast
A special structure used by an organism to anchor itself
46
Sessile Colony
a colony that uses holdfasts to anchor itself to an object
47
Extracellular digestion
digestion that takes place outside of the cell
48
Mycelium
The part of the fungus responsible for extracellular digestion and absorption of the digested food
49
Hypha
a filament of fungal cells
50
Rhizoid hypha
a hypha that is imbedded in the material on which the fungus grows
51
Aerial hypha
a hypha that is not imbedded in the material upon which the fungus grows
52
Sporophore
specialized aerial hypha that produces spores
53
Stolon
an aerial hypha that asexually reproduces to make more filaments
54
Haustorium
A hypha of a parasitic fungus that enters the host's cells, absorbing nutrition directly from the cytoplasm
55
Chitin
a chemical that provides both toughness and flexibility
56
Membrane
a thin covering of tissue
57
Fermentation
the anaerobic breakdown of sugars into smaller molecules
58
Zygospore
a zygote surrounded by a hard, protective covering
59
Zygote
the result of a sexual reproduction when each parent contributes half of the DNA necessary for the offspring
60
Antibiotic
A chemical secreted by a living organism that kills or reduces the reproduction rate of other organisms
61
Matter
Anything that has mass and takes up space
62
Model
an explanation or representation of something that cannot be seen
63
element
a collection of atoms that all have the same numbers of protons
64
molecules
chemicals that result from atoms linking together
65
Physical change
a change that affects the appearance but not the chemical makeup of a substance
66
Chemical change
A change that alters the makeup of the elements or molecules of a substance
67
phase
one of three forms — solid, liquid, or gas — which every substance is capable of attaining
68
Diffusion
the random motion of molecules from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration
69
concentration
a measurement of how much solute exists within a certain volume of solvent
70
Semipermeable membrane
a membrane that allows some molecules to pass through but does not allow other molecules to pass through
71
Osmosis
the tendency of a solvent to travel across a semipermeable membrane into areas of higher solute concentration
72
catalyst
a substance that alters the speed of a chemical reaction but is not used up in the process
73
organic molecule
a molecule that contains only carbon and any of the following: hydrogen, oxygen, nitrogen, sulfur, and/or phosphorous
74
Biosynthesis
The process by which living organisms produce larger molecules form smaller ones
75
Isomers
Two different molecules that have the same chemical formula
76
Monosaccharides
simple carbohydrates that contain 3 to 10 carbon atoms
77
Disaccharides
Carbohydrates that are made up of two monosaccharides
78
Polysaccharides
carbohydrates that are made up of more than two monosaccharides
79
Dehydration reaction
a chemical reaction in which molecules combine by removing water
80
Hydrolysis
Breaking down complex molecules by the chemical addition of water
81
Hydrophobic
Lacking any affinity to water
82
Saturated fat
a lipid made from fatty acids that have no double bonds between carbon atoms
83
Unsaturated fat
a lipid made form fatty acids that have at least one double bond between carbon atoms
84
Peptide bond
a bond that links amino acids together in a protein
85
Hydrogen bond
A strong attraction between hydrogen atoms and certain other atoms (usually oxygen or nitrogen) in a specific molecules

Biology 101 (5 decks)

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