App Cancer I

Question 1

Lymphoma

Answer 1

Of lymph node (BUT malignant)

Question 2

–oma is _____

Answer 2

benign

Question 3

Which are not benign?

Answer 3

–carcinomas and –sarcomas

Question 4

Inc in number of normal cells

Answer 4

Hyperplasia

Question 5

o Burkitt’s lymphoma

Answer 5

Epstein-Barr virus

Question 6

o RB ( cell cycle control protein)

Answer 6

retinoblastoma (pediatric cancer of retina)

Question 7

p53

Answer 7

→ Li Fraumeni Syndrome (multiple tumors of different types) → upon cell damage, causes growth arrest and apoptosis → most commonly mutated gene in human cancer

Question 8

Division of normal cells is tightly controlled by

Answer 8

growth factors and inhibitors of growth

Question 9

Two major classes of carcinogens are:

Answer 9

o Genotoxic o Non-genotoxic

Question 10

prefixes: Adeno

Answer 10

affects gland

Question 11

Steps of Tumor progression and metastasis: 1. Angiogenesis 2. Local invasiveness 3. Distant metastases 4. Tumor immunity 5. Genomic instability

Answer 11

1. Angiogenesis - is a process of capillary blood vessel formation, which is necessary to provide oxygen, nutrients and growth factors to the growing tissue. This process is indispensable for both tumor growth and metastases. The tumors which do not develop vessels can stay dormant for years. The blood vessel formation is stimulated by angiogenic factors, such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), released from cancer cells. 2. Local invasiveness - invasion into surrounding tissues requires activation of many processes - alteration of cell-cell and cell-extracellular matrix adhesion within the tumor, degradation of extracellular matrix by proteases released from cancer cells, migration of cancer cells. 3. Distant metastases - in the primary tumor, cancer cells invade extracellular matrix and intravasate into blood and/or lymphatic vessels. Then, circulating cancer cells adhere to endothelial cells in the specific organs, invade extracellular matrix and form metastases. 4. Tumor immunity - genetic alterations in the malignant cells often result in expression of new, altered proteins which trigger host immune response via cytotoxic T lymphocytes, natural killer cells and macrophages. This can potentially result in inhibition of tumor growth or its regression. However, tumor cells often acquire resistance to the host immune response. 5. Genomic instability - malignant transformation is often associated with high rate of genomic and chromosomal aberrations, usually resulting from defects in DNA repair system and lack of functional apoptotic pathways which would normally lead to elimination of the aberrant cells. Such genomic instability allows tumor cells for rapid changes in phenotype and adaptation to new conditions (hypoxia, chemotherapy).

Question 12

Mutations/aberrations of ___ genes are usually recessive

Answer 12

tumor suppressor - changes in both alleles are necessary to change cell phenotype.

Question 13

Cancer

Answer 13

malignant neoplasia

Question 14

o Cervical cancer

Answer 14

Human papilloma virus (HPV)

Question 15

o Liver cancer

Answer 15

Hepatitis B virus (HBV)

Question 16

Steps of Tumor progression and metastasis:

Answer 16

1. Angiogenesis 2. Local invasiveness 3. Distant metastases 4. Tumor immunity 5. Genomic instability

Question 17

BRCA1 and BRCA2

Answer 17

→ familial form of breast cancer → DNA repair

Question 18

Oncogenesis

Answer 18

process of oncogenesis involves changes in intracellular growth control system

Question 19

o Genotoxic

Answer 19

induce DNA damage and changes in gene sequences (e.g. radiation, Benzopyrene forming DNA adducts)

Question 20

Neoplasia

Answer 20

(tumor) abnormal growth of tissue resulting from loss of responsiveness to growth control signals

Question 21

Carcinomas

Answer 21

cancers originating from epithelial cells (e.g. lungs, digestive tract, glands, breast, bladder, colon, and prostate), malignant

Question 22

Classification of cancers is based on

Answer 22

cellular origin (suffix), localization and tissue affected

Question 23

Oncogenes

Answer 23

altered/mutated forms of proto-oncogenes

Question 24

Sarcomas

Answer 24

mesenchymal origin (fat, bone, muscle), malignant, less common than carcinomas

Question 25

Proto-oncogenes - expressed in normal or cancer cells?

Answer 25

→ genes encoding protein that normally stimulates cell proliferation → expressed in normal proliferating cells

Question 26

Lymphomas

Answer 26

tumors developing in lymphatic organs (-oma, but malignant)

Question 27

o Non-genotoxic

Answer 27

promote cell growth and divisions (e.g. estrogen)

Question 28

In cancer cells, defects or abnormal expression of ___ and ___ lead to deregulation of cell proliferation and uncontrolled tumor growth.

Answer 28

growth factors and tumor suppressor genes

Question 29

APC

Answer 29

• Gene: adenomatous polyposis coli (regulator of cell division and adhesion)
• associated with Familial-Polyposis Coli - familial form of colon cancer

Question 30

Leukemias

Answer 30

circulating blood cells, malignant

Question 31

Carcinogens

Answer 31

• triggered and/or accelerated by - variety of external factors that can trigger or accelerate changes in intracellular growth control systems (= oncogenesis)