Appearance and Anatomy

Question 1

Fossil

Answer 1

Any perserved evidence of a prehistoric organism

Question 2

Adaptations

Answer 2

Traits that have evolved because they serve specific functions

Question 3

What are the 4 major functions of bones?

Answer 3

• they passively resist gravity and maintain an animals form
• they provide a ridgid framework for muscle attachment
• Bones provide protection
• Bones store mineral reserves

Question 4

Vertebrates

Answer 4

ANimals that have vertebrae and skulls

Question 5

Invertebrates

Answer 5

Animals that lack vertebrae

Question 6

Brain case

Answer 6

Rear portion of skull that is hollow and houses the brain

Question 7

Nares

Answer 7

pair of openings in the skull for the nostrils

Question 8

Orbits

Answer 8

pair of openings in the skull for the eyes

Question 9

Fenestrae

Answer 9

Additional skull openings

Question 10

Laterotemporal fenestrae

Answer 10

Fenestrae on the lateral sides of the skull

Question 11

Supratemporal fenestrae

Answer 11

Fenestrae on the top of the skull

Question 12

What does the laterotemporal/ supratemporal fenestrae do?

Answer 12

Provide extra room for large jaw muscles

Question 13

Antorbital fenestrae

Answer 13

Third fenestrae between each orbit and naris (function is unknown)

Question 14

Centrum

Answer 14

The spool or dsik shaped body of the vertebrae

Question 15

Neural Arch

Answer 15

above the centrum abd it functions to cover the nerual canal

Question 16

Neural Canal

Answer 16

The opening in each vertbrae where the spinal nerves run

Question 17

Vertebral processes

Answer 17

Provide attachment surfaces for muscles and sometimes provide articulation surfaces for ribs; 2 types: Transverse and Spinous

Question 18

Transverse Processes

Answer 18

Extend from the lateral sides of vertebrae

Question 19

Spinous Processes

Answer 19

Extend upward from the neural arch

Question 20

Cervical Vertebrae

Answer 20

Vertebrae in the neck, these often have a extra-large opening for blood and nerve channels and they help support the animals head

Question 21

Dorsal vertebrate

Answer 21

Vertebrate in the back, these often have tall spinous processes and large rib articulation surfaces

Question 22

Sacral Vertebrate

Answer 22

Vertebrate in the hips, these are fused to the pelic bones forming a solid bone structure called the sacrum

Question 23

Caudal Vertebrae

Answer 23

Vertebrae in the tail, have chevrons underneath the vetebrae to protect a large blood and nerve channel and provides tail support

Question 24

Gastralia

Answer 24

Small ribs posisioned across the dinosaurs underbelly

Question 25

Tetrapods

Answer 25

Animals that evolved from an ascestor with 4 feet and 4 limbs

Question 26

Limb girdles

Answer 26

Connect the limbs of tetrapods to the rest of the skeleton

Question 27

Pectoral girdle

Answer 27

part of the skeleton where the forelimbs connect

Question 28

Scapula

Answer 28

shoulder blade (largest bone in each side of the pectoral girdle)

Question 29

Pelvic girdle (what is it composed of?)

Answer 29

Where the hindlimbs connect in the skeleton (each side of the pelvic girdle is composed of 3 bones, the ilium, pubis, and ischium)

Question 30

Acetabulum

Answer 30

depression/ hole in the pelvic girdle into which the hind limbs articulate

Question 31

What are the arm and leg bones of Tetrapods?

Answer 31

Arm: Humerus, Radium, Ulna, Carples, Metacarples, and phalanges Leg: Femur, Tibia, Fibula, Tarsles, Metatarsels, and Phalanges

Question 32

Saurischian

Answer 32

Dinosaurs that share an evolutionary ancestor that has a pubis that extends downward and forward toward the ribcage means "lizard hipped"

Question 33

Ornithischian

Answer 33

Dinosaurs that share an evolutionary ancestor that had both a special beak-forming bone in the upper jaw and a pubis that extended downward and toward the tail This gave them more space in the rib cage for X-large digestive organs (primarly herbivors) means "bird hipped"

Question 34

What are the 2 major groups of Saurischians?

Answer 34

Sauropomorphs and Theropods

Question 35

Sauropomorphs

Answer 35

Large herbivours with elongated necks and reletively small heads

Question 36

Prosauropods

Answer 36

early group of sauropodomorphs and the first group of large-bodied herbivour dinosaurs to evolve

Question 37

Sauropods

Answer 37

Large group of Sauropodomorphs, many were a gigantic size, who stood on 4 robust and column like legs. Their vertebrae were filled with air sacs to help reduce weight and they had peg-like teeth

Question 38

Theropods

Answer 38

Bipedal saurischian dinosaurs that shared a carnivourous ancestor. Many were carnivourous and had sereded, blade-like teeth and a sharp hooked claws (there were some that were herboviours and some lacked teeth) Birds are types of theropods

Question 39

What are the 5 major groups of Ornithischians?

Answer 39

- Ornithopods - Pachycephalosaurs - Ceratopsians - Stegosaurs - Ankylosaurs

Question 40

Ornithopods

Answer 40

- Lacked armour - either walked bipedally all the time or assumed a bipedal stance while running - some smaller and some larger - Example disnosaurs: Iguanodonts abd Hadrosaurs The Hadrosaur had a "duckbill" with tightly packed small teeth at the rear of their mouth for large chewing surfaces

Question 41

Pachycephalosaurs

Answer 41

- bipdeal - short arms - very strong tails - thick domed skull roofs ad backwards inting horns - have sharp conical teeth in the front of their mouths and leaf shaped teeth in the rear of the mouth - Example dino: Pachycephalosaurus

Question 42

Ceratopsians

Answer 42

- have large parrot like beaks and skulls that are greatly expanded in the rear - Rear skull expansion is taken to a boney frill or neck sheild - many have large forns and have dental batteries -Example dinosaur is the Triceratops

Question 43

Stegosaurs

Answer 43

- Quadrupedal dinosaur with rows of projecting osteoderms - Example Dinosaur is te Stegosaurus

Question 44

Ankylosaurs

Answer 44

- most heavily armoured dinosaur - quadrupedal - have short legs and a wide ribcage - backs of these animals are covered in spikey protective osteoderms and some have large osteoderms on their tails forming a "tail club" - Example dino: Anodontosaurus

Question 45

Dental batteries

Answer 45

small teeth that were tightly packed at the rear of the mouth (adaptation for large chewing surface in herbivours)

Question 46

Osteoderms

Answer 46

Bones that develop within the skin and are a common component of animal armour

Question 47

Integument

Answer 47

body covering

Question 48

Melanosomes

Answer 48

pigment cells within feathers

Question 49

What makes a feather black/grey?

Answer 49

long and narrow malanosomes

Question 50

What makes feathers white?

Answer 50

no melanosomes

Question 51

What makes feathers Iridecent/ glossy?

Answer 51

narrow malanosomes that are aligned in the same direction

Question 52

What makes fethers brown/reddish?

Answer 52

Short and wide malanosomes