Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards by Holly Soetaert

What are the three functional roles of the appendicular skeleton?

Allows completion of daily tasks
Allows for adjustments in body posture
Allows for mobility of the body

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What are the 4 divisions of the upper and lower limb? They are the same, and what is on the medial side of each?

Pectoral/Pelvic girdle
Arm/Thigh: humerus/femur
Forearm/Leg: ulna/ tibia
Hand/foot: pinky/big toe

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What three borders are found on the scapula?

Vertebral border (long rounded edge close to midline)
Auxiliary border (lateral border by the armpit)
Superior border (border along the top)

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What are the three fossa found on the scapula?
What is the spine that divides the two posterior fossa?

Subscapular fossa (large flat surface on anterior side)
Supraspinous fossa (flat surface above the ISF, above the scapular spine)
Infraspinous fossa (flat surface below SSF on posterior side, under the scapular spine)
Dividing spine is called the scapular spine

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What is the acromion?

A bony process continuous with the scapular spine, larger on the end, deltoid and traps attach here

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What are the two processes on the scapula?

Coracoid process: short head of the bicep attaches here
Glenoid process: only seen laterally, joint/surface/ cartilage where the humeral head attaches to form shoulder joint

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What is the only bone developing from intramembranous ossification? What two joints does this bone form?

Clavicle (both synovial joints)
1. Sternoclavicular joint: clavicle joins sternum and how the appendicular skeleton attaches to axial skeleton
2. Acromioclavicular joint: joins acromion, effected in shoulder separation

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What are the two movements that occur at the pectoral girdle?

Elevation/depression of shoulders
Protraction and retraction (reaching)
This can happen because the scapula glides over the thoracic cage surface similar to a joint

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What are the two tubercles on the humeral head? Which one is more anterior/posterior?

Greater tubercle (3 rotator cuff muscles attach here, little bit more superior and mostly posterior)
Lesser tubercle (1 rotator cuff muscle attaches here, more anterior and inferior to greater, LARGE NUB)

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What is the last structure on the humeral head that is not the tubercles? Is it on the anterior or posterior side?

Intertubercular sulcus: groove through which the long head of the bicep tendon passes through. Anterior side

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What is the structure that lies laterally and on midshaft of the humerus?

Deltoid tuberosity: deltoid muscle attaches

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What are the two epicondyles at the distal end of the humerus? Which one is only visible from one angle?

Medial epicondyle: prominent elbow bone, flex muscles for fingers attach
Lateral epicondyle: not as big, other finger muscles attach here, only visible posteriorly because covered by capitulum and trochlea on anterior side

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What is the fossa on the distal side of the humerus?

Olecranon fossa: deep and posterior, olecranon process fits here and allows for full arm extension

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What are the two elbow joint surfaces?

Capitulum: only visible anteriorly, in lateral side, radius attaches to this, small ball
Trochlea: visible both anterior and posterior, on medial side, attaches to ulna and is the hinge/spool

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What is the joint surface at the top of the forearm called? This joint surface is anterior, what structure lies directly posterior to it? What bone do both of these lie on?

Trochlear notch: joint surface, trochlea fits here to form part of elbow joint.
Olecranon is on the posterior side of the joint surface
Both lie on the ulna (medial)

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What process lies just below the trochlear notch?

Coronoid process: guards the distal aspect

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Which forearm bone is medial and which is lateral?

Medial: ulna
Lateral: radius

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What is the joint surface on the radius? What lies below it?

Radial head: fits capitulum to form elbow joint
Radial tuberosity: bony feature, tendon of bicep attach here

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What are the two bony spikes lying at the distal portion of the forearm?

Radial styloid process: lateral
Ulnar styloid process: medial
They form borders of the wrist joint

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What structure between the radius and ulna prevents bones from coming apart?

Interosseous membrane: attachment surface for anterior/posterior flex/extend muscles

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What is the shoulder joint? Is it weak or strong?

Glenohumeral joint: ball and socket, allows movement in many planes
Joint capsule of glenohumeral joint is WEAK, thus it is reinforced by 4 shoulder muscles (rotator cuff)

What types of joints are the two elbow joints?

Joint between trochlea and trochlear notch: HINGE, allows for flexion and extension of forearm
Joint between radial head and capitulum: CONDYLAR (ellipsoid), allows motion in two planes, and specifically allows for supination and pronation of the forearm (radius only)

What is contained in the first row of carpal bones in the hand? Which two overlap?

PROXIMAL ROW
Listing from thumb inwards: scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, pisiform
The pisiform covers the triquetrum on the anterior side

What is contained in the distal row of carpal bones in the hand?

DISTAL ROW
Listing from thumb out: trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, hamate

What are the other two types of bones in the hand?

Metacarpals: palm Phalanx: 2 bones in thumb and 3 per finger

What is the wrist joint? What is it between? What movement does it allow?

Joint between radius and scaphoid: CONDYLAR Allows flexion/extension and abduction/adduction of hand

What is the shape of the thumb joint? What movement happens here?

Joint between trapezium and 1st metacarpal is saddle-shaped which is uncommon, many places of motion allowed Allows for opposition of thumb

What is the name of the lower limb?

Os Coxae (one side of the pelvis)

What are the three bones that are fused in the acetabulum? What are their locations relative to another?

Ilium, Ischium, Pubis Ilium is at the top, the ischium is under the large smooth, the pubis is connected to the ischium

What is the structure that lays on top of the ilium? What is the structure that is attached the the above structure? What flat surface is formed by these two?

Iliac crest Anterior iliac spine Iliac fossa (ilial muscle attaches)

What are the three joint surfaces on the os coxae? (blue on the image?

Auricular surface (sacrum forms joint) Acetabulum (femoral head forms joint here) Pubic symphysis

What is the structure that lies under the ilium and above the ischium?

Greater sciatic notch

What is the small bony process that pokes out from under the greater sciatic notch? What major bone is this one?

Ischial spine Ishium

What is the large flat surface that is connected to the ischium and only visible laterally?

Ischial tuberosity (focal point for thigh muscle)

What are the sex differences in bony pelvic anatomy?

Ischial spines are closer together in the male, and farther in the female to allow for large space in the birth canal, larger pelvic inlet

What are the 3 joint surfaces on the femur? Where are they located?

Head (connected to acetabulum): at superior/medial side, and connected to femoral head Medial condyle (inferior/medial) Lateral condyle (inferior/lateral)

What is the two surfaces that are connected to the femoral neck? What is their position relative to each other? What separating line lies here?

Greater trochanter (muscle attachment site) Lesser trochanter (muscle attachment site) Intertrochanteric line (between them, ligament of hip joint connects)

What is the structure that runs down the length of the shaft of the femur?

Linea aspera: sharp ridge, muscle attachment for muscles crossing the hip joint to medial side

What kind of joint is the hip joint? Is it weak or strong?

Ball and socket, between the acetabulum and femoral head, allows movement in multiple planes It is strong as the hip joint capsule is reinforced anteriorly by the iliofemoral ligament (for upright posture)

Which bone is the smaller one in the leg? Is it medial or lateral?

Fibula is smaller and it is lateral

What are the two condyles that form the joint between the femur and tibia/fibula?

Medial condyle and lateral condyle

What is the bump that is centered on the anterior side of the tibia?

Tibial tuberosity

What is the superior side of the fibula called?

Head of the fibula

What are the two malleoli that form the ankle joint?

Medial malleolus (tibia) Lateral malleolus (fibula)

What is the membrane between the fibula and tibia? Where is this structure also found?

Interosseous membrane, also found between the radius and ulna

What are the four structures in the knee joint and their locations? What type of joint is the knee?

Quadriceps tendon (tendon above the patella) Patella Patellar ligament (below patella) Meniscus (cartilaginous joint between the femur and tibia) Hinge joint, allows for movement in 1 plane (flexion and extension of leg)

What is the ligament that connects the femur to the fibula? What is the ligament that runs from the femur down onto the tibia?

Lateral collateral ligament Medial collateral ligament

What two ligaments are between the femur and the tibia?

Lateral meniscus Medial meniscus

What two ligaments are deep in the knee? Which one crosses in front?

Posterior cruciate ligament (crosses in back) Anterior cruciate ligament (crosses front)

What are the two bones that are most superior in the foot? Which one is above the other?

Calcaneus (larger, achilles tendon attaches here) Talus (smaller, below calcaneus, heel)

What are the 3 tarsal bones? What are the two other types of foot bones?

Navicular (above last cuneiform, above digit 1) Cuboid (attaches to Calcaneus) Cuneiforms (3), in line with metatarsal 1/2/3 Metatarsals and phalanx

What are the two joints present in the foot?

Joint between tibia/talus (ankle joint): hinge, allows for plantar flexion/ dorsiflexion Joint between talus and navicular: condylar, allows inversion and eversion of foot