Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards by Catalina Flores

Clavicle

Junction of neck and anterior thorax (S-shaped bone).

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Acromial end (clavicle)

Flattened lateral end that articulates with medial aspect of acromion via acromioclavicular joint

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Sternal end (clavicle)

Location:
• Clavicle (medial end)

Description:
• Enlarged, medial end
• Projects above manubrium of sternum to deepen jugular notch
• Has smooth, articular surface

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Scapula

Location:
• Posterior thorax
• Overlies ribs 2-7

Description:
• Large, triangular, flat bone
• Characteristic features include spine, acromion, coracoid process, and glenoid cavity

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Spine (scapula)

Location:
• Scapula

Description:
• Prominent ridge on posterior surface of scapula

Comment:
• Provides attachment for trapezius and deltoid muscles

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Acromion (scapula)

Location:
• Scapula

Description:
• Flattened, lateral part of scapular spine

Comment:
• Articulates with clavicle
• Subcutaneous superior point of shoulder (easily palpated)
• Provides attachment for trapezius and deltoid muscles
• Landmark for intramuscular injections

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Glenoid cavity/fossa (scapula)

Location:
• Scapula

Description:
• Shallow depression at superior end of lateral border

Comment:
• Articulates with head of humerus to form glenohumeral (shoulder) joint
• Made “deeper” by rim of fibrocartilage (labrum)

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Coracoid process (clavicle)

Location:
• Scapula (anterior)

Description:
• Prominent protuberance inferior to acromion of scapula

Comment:
• Provides attachment for pectoralis minor, coracobrachialis, and short head of biceps brachii muscles

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Lateral border (clavicle)

Location:
• Scapula
• Between inferior angle and glenoid cavity

Description:
• Border of scapula inferior to glenoid cavity
• Superior end has infraglenoid tubercle

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Medial border (clavicle)

Location:
• Scapula

Description:
• Border of scapula parallel to vertebral column

Also known as:
• Vertebral border of scapula

Comment:
• Provides attachment for levator scapulae, rhomboid major and rhomboid minor, and serratus anterior muscle

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Humerus

Location:
• Arm

Description:
• Long bone
• Characteristic features include head, neck, greater and lesser tubercles, shaft, medial and lateral epicondyles, capitulum, and trochlea

Comment:
• Largest bone of upper limb

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Head (humerus)

Location:
• Humerus (proximal)

Description:
• Rounded articular surface
• Continuous with anatomical neck

Comment:
• Articulates with glenoid cavity of scapula to form glenohumeral (shoulder) joint

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Deltoid tuberosity (humerus)

Location:
• Humerus (shaft)

Description:
• Roughened area near mid-shaft on anterolateral surface

Comment:
• For attachment of deltoid muscle

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Medial epicondyle (humerus)

Location:
• Humerus (distal)

Description:
• Medial subcutaneous projection near elbow

Comment:
• Provides attachment for hand flexor muscles
• Ulnar nerve subcutaneous on posterior aspect (“funny bone”

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Lateral epicondyle (humerus)

Location:
• Humerus (distal)

Description:
• Small lateral projection near elbow

Comment:
• Provides attachment for hand extensor muscles

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Trochlea (humerus)

Location:
• Humerus (distal)

Description:
• Grooved surface medial to capitulum

Comment:
• Articulates with trochlear notch of ulna
• Contributes to elbow joint

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Capitulum (humerus)

Location:
• Humerus (distal)

Description:
• Dome-shaped surface lateral to trochlea

Comment:
• Articulates with head of radius
• Contributes to elbow joint

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Ulna

Location:
• Forearm (medial) Ariculates with pinky!

LOOKS LIKE ICECREAM SCOOP

Description:
• Long, thin bone
• Articulates proximally with trochlea of humerus and radius
• Articulates distally with radius and carpal bones (lunate and triquetrum)
• Characteristic features include olecranon, trochlear notch, tuberosity, shaft, and styloid process

Comment:
• Fibrocartilage separates distal end from carpal bones

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Trochlear notch (ulna)

Location:
• Ulna (proximal, anterior aspect)
• Between olecranon and coronoid process

Description:
• Prominent notch
• Has smooth articular surface

Function:
• Provides articulation with trochlea of humerus

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Radial notch (ulna)

Holds ulna

Smaller notch right below trochlear notch

Where radius attaches

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Head (ulna)

Adjacent to styloid process of ulna. Distal to trochlear notch.

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Styloid process (ulna)

Location:
• Ulna (distal)

Description:
• Pointed distal projection

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Radius

Articulates with capitulum of humerus. Also articules with the thumb (lateral)

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Head (radius)

Location:
• Radius (proximal)

Description:
• Disk-shaped, with concave superior surface
• Articulates with capitulum of humerus and radial notch of ulna

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Styloid process (radius)

Location: • Radius (distal) Description: • Pointed distal projection Comment: • Provides for attachment of brachioradialis muscle

Hand

Consists of 8 carpal bones, metacarpals and phalanges

Carpals

Location: • Hand Description: • Eight, small, irregular-shaped bones • Form the wrist Comment: • Arranged in two rows of four • Proximal row (scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform) articulates with radius and ulna • Distal row (trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate) articulates with metacarpals • Hand comprises wrist, palm, dorsum, and fingers

Scaphoid (carpal)

Location: • Wrist Description: • "Boat-shaped" carpal bone • Articulates with radius, trapezium, trapezoid, and capitate

Lunate (carpal)

Location: • Wrist Description: • Crescent-shaped carpal bone • Articulates with radius, hamate, capitate, triquetrum, and scaphoid

Triquetrum (carpal)

Location: • Wrist Description: • Pyramidal carpal bone • Articulates with lunate, hamate, and pisiform Comment: • Provides attachment for extensor retinaculum • Carpal bones arranged in two transverse rows: proximal bones (lateral to medial) are scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform; distal row (lateral to medial) are trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate • Latin: triquetrus = three-cornered (describes shape)

Pisiform (carpal)

Location: • Wrist Description: • Pea-shaped carpal bone • Articulates with triquetrum Comment: • Embedded in tendon (sesamoid bone) of flexor carpi ulnaris muscle • Provides attachment for flexor and extensor retinacula, and flexor carpi ulnaris and abductor digiti minimi muscles • Carpal bones arranged in two transverse rows: proximal bones (lateral to medial) are scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform; distal row (lateral to medial) are trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate • Latin: pisum = pea (describes shape)

Trapezium (carpal)

Location: • Wrist Description: • Irregular-shaped carpal bone • Articulates with trapezoid, scaphoid, and metacarpals I-II Comment: • Provides attachment for flexor retinaculum • Carpal bones arranged in two transverse rows: proximal bones (lateral to medial) are scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform; distal row (lateral to medial) are trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate

Trapezoid (carpal)

Location: • Wrist (smallest carpal) Description: • Four-sided carpal bone • Articulates with trapezium, scaphoid, capitate, and metacarpal II Comment: • Carpal bones arranged in two transverse rows: proximal bones (lateral to medial) are scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform; distal row (lateral to medial) are trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate

Capitate (carpal)

Location: • Wrist Description: • Largest carpal bone • Proximal surface has prominent head • Articulates with scaphoid, lunate, trapezoid, hamate, and metacarpals III and IV Comment: • Latin: capitate = head • Carpal bones arranged in two transverse rows: proximal bones (lateral to medial) are scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform; distal row (lateral to medial) are trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate

Hamate (carpal)

Location: • Hand Description: • Wedge-shaped carpal bone of wrist • Process (hamulus) projects from palmar surface • Articulates with triquetrum, capitate, and metacarpals IV-V Comment: • Hamulus provides attachment for flexor retinaculum of hand • Carpal bones arranged in two transverse rows: proximal bones (lateral to medial) are scaphoid, lunate, triquetrum, and pisiform; distal row (lateral to medial) are trapezium, trapezoid, capitate, and hamate • Latin: hamatus = hooked (describes shape)

Metacarpals

Location: • Hand Description: • Five small, long bones between carpal (wrist) bones and phalanges (fingers) • Designated by Roman numeral (I-V) from lateral (thumb) to medial (little finger) • Characteristic features are base (proximal), shaft, and head (distal) Comment: • Knuckles formed by heads of metacarpals

Phalanges of the Hand

Location: • Hand (fingers) Description: • Small bones of fingers • Medial four fingers have three phalanges each (proximal, middle, and distal) • Thumb has two phalanges (proximal and distal) Comment: • Singular of phalanges is phalanx

Proximal phalanx (phalanges)

Location: • Finger • Medial four fingers: between middle phalanx and metacarpal • Thumb: between distal phalanx and metacarpal I Description: • Small bone at base of fingers Comment: • Medial four fingers each have three phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal) • Thumb has two phalanges (proximal and distal) • Plural of phalanx is phalanges

Middle phalanx (phalanges)

Location: • Finger • Medial four fingers: between proximal and distal phalanges Description: • Small bone in fingers Comment: • Medial four fingers each have three phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal) • Thumb has two phalanges (proximal and distal) • Plural of phalanx is phalanges

Distal phalanx (phalanges)

Location: • Fingers • Medial four fingers: distal to middle phalanx • Thumb: distal to proximal phalanx Description: • Small bone at tip of finger • Covered by nail on dorsal surface Comment: • Medial four fingers each have three phalanges (proximal, middle, and distal) • Thumb has two phalanges (proximal and distal) • Plural of phalanx is phalanges

Os Coxa

hips

Acetabulum (os coxa)

Location: • Hip bone (lateral aspect) Description: • Hemispherical cavity • Margin of cavity deficient inferiorly (acetabular notch) • Articular surface (for head of femur) has lunate shape • Central floor (acetabular fossa) is non-articular Function: • Provides articulation with head of femur Comment: • All three bones that form hip bone (ilium, ischium, and pubis) contribute to acetabulum

Greater sciatic notch (os coxa)

Location : • Ilium • Ischium Description: • Wide, deep indentation • Separates posterior inferior iliac spine from ischial spine • Upper border and deep part of lower border belong to ilium • Lower border, nearest ischial spine, belongs to ischium Comment:: • Converted to a foramen (greater sciatic foramen) by sacrotuberous and sacrospinous ligaments • Grater sciatic foramen is major conduit for structures exiting pelvis to enter perineum and lower limb • Structures passing through greater sciatic foramen include sciatic nerve, pudendal nerve and internal pudendal vessels, superior and inferior gluteal nerves and vessels, posterior cutaneous nerve of thigh, and piriformis muscle

Ilium (os coxa)

Location: • Pelvis Description: • Largest of three coxal (hip) bones • Has large, wing-like superior extension (ala); the alae form bony walls of greater (false) pelvis • Contributes to acetabulum (hip joint socket) and wall of lesser (true) pelvis • Articulates with sacrum at sacroiliac joint Comment: • Fused with ischium and pubis in adult to form coxal (hip) bone • Bony pelvis formed by paired hip bones and sacrum

Iliac crest (os coxa)

Location: • Ilium Description: • Prominent ridge on superior margin Comment: • Provides attachment for muscles of back, thigh, and abdominal wall • Landmark for intramuscular injections

Ischium (os coxa)

Location: • Pelvis Description: • One of three coxal (hip) bones • Characteristic features include tuberosity and spine • Contributes to acetabulum (hip joint socket), obturator foramen, and wall of lesser (true) pelvis Comment: • Fused with ilium and pubis in adult to form coxal (hip) bone • Bony pelvis formed by paired hip bones and sacrum • Obturator foramen formed by rami of pubis and ischium

Pubis (os coxa)

Location: • Pelvis Description: • One of three coxal (hip) bones • Characteristic features include body and rami (superior and inferior) • Midline junction of pubic bones forms pubic symphysis • Contributes to acetabulum (hip joint socket), obturator foramen, and wall of lesser (true) pelvis Comment: • Fused with ilium and ischium in adult to form coxal (hip) bone • Bony pelvis formed by paired hip bones and sacrum • Obturator foramen formed by rami of pubis and ischium

Pubic crest (os coxa)

Location: • Pubis (body) Description: • Rounded, upper border of body • Ends laterally as pubic tubercle

Pubic symphysis (os coxa)

Location: • Pelvis (anterior midline) Description: • Joint formed by two pubic bones and intervening fibrocartilage disc Comment: • In female, fibrocartilage softens in late pregnancy to allow slight separation of pubic bones

Obturator foramen (os coxa)

Location: • Hip bone Description: • Large foramen bordered by pubis and ischium • Anterior and inferior to acetabulum Comment: • Closed by obturator membrane, except along superior border • Oval in males; triangular in females

Femur

Location: • Thigh Description: • Long bone • Characteristic features include head, neck, shaft, greater and lesser trochanters, linea aspera, and medial and lateral condyles • Head forms part of hip joint • Distal end forms part of knee joint Comment: • Only bone of thigh • Longest bone in body; length accurately predicts height of individual

Head (femur)

Location: • Femur (proximal) Description: • Smooth, spherical shape • Contains fovea for ligament of head of femur (also known as fovea capitis) • Continuous with neck of femur Comment: • Articulates with acetabulum of hip bone to form hip joint

Patellar surface (femur)

Location: • Femur (distal) • On lateral and medial condyles of femur Description: • Articular surface for patella • Separated from tibial articular surface by faint transverse groove on each condyle Comment: • Patellar surface extends higher on lateral condyle

Lateral condyle (femur)

Location: • Femur (distal) Description: • Lateral enlargement of distal end • Smooth surface articulates with tibia and patella Comment: • Provides attachment for lateral head of gastrocnemius and popliteus muscles, and fibular collateral ligament of knee • Latin: condyle = knuckle

Medial condyle (femur)

Location: • Femur (distal) Description: • Medial enlargement of distal end • Smooth surface articulates with tibia and patella Comment: • Provides attachment for medial head of gastrocnemius and adductor magnus muscles, and tibial collateral ligament of knee • Latin: condyle = knuckle

Greater trochanter (femur)

Location: • Femur (proximal) Description: • Large, quadrangular projection at junction of neck with shaft Comment: • Provides attachment for many muscles of gluteal region (exception: gluteus maximus)

Lesser trochanter (femur)

Location: • Femur (proximal) Description: • Pyramidal process on medial shaft Comment: • Provides attachment for a single muscle - iliopsoas

Patella

Location: • Knee (anterior) • Within tendon of quadriceps femoris muscle Description: • Triangular sesamoid bone • Apex of bone directed distally • Posterior surface has two articular facets for femoral condyles • Together with femur and tibia, forms knee joint Also known as: • "Kneecap" Comment: • Acts as fulcrum to increase angle of quadriceps femoris tendon across knee

Tibia

Location: • Leg (medial) Description: • Long bone between knee and ankle joints • Characteristic features include medial and lateral condyles, medial and lateral plateaus, tuberosity, shaft, and medial malleolus • Contributes to knee and ankle joints Also known as: • "Shin" bone Comment: • Anterior shaft is subcutaneous

Lateral condyle (tibia)

Location: • Tibia (proximal) Description: • Lateral enlargement of proximal end • Has surfaces for articulation with lateral condyle of femur and with fibula • Provides attachment point for iliotibial tract Comment: • Lateral condyle of tibia more prominent than medial • Latin: condyle = knuckle

Medial condyle (tibia)

Location: • Tibia (proximal) Description: • Medial enlargement of proximal end • Has surface for articulation with medial condyle of femur Function: • Provides attachment for semimembranosus muscle and tibial (medial) collateral ligament Comment: • Lateral condyle of tibia more prominent than medial • Latin: condyle = knuckle

Tibial tuberosity (tibia)

Location: • Tibia (anterior) Description: • Bony elevation on proximal shaft Comment: • Provides attachment for quadriceps femoris muscles, via patellar ligament

Medial malleolus (tibia)

Location: • Tibia (distal) Description: • Rounded, subcutaneous projection • Contributes to ankle joint

Fibula

Location: • Leg (lateral) Description: • Long, thin bone • Articulates with tibia (proximal) and talus (distal) • Characteristic features include head, neck, shaft, and lateral malleolus

Head (fibula)

Location: • Fibula (proximal) Description: • Rounded subcutaneous projection • Articulates with lateral condyle of tibia Comment: • Provides attachment for fibular (lateral) collateral ligament of knee and biceps femoris muscle

Lateral malleolus (fibula)

Location: • Fibula (distal) Description: • Rounded, subcutaneous projection • Contributes to ankle joint

Foot

Includes tarsals, metatarsals and phalanges of the foot

Tarsals (foot)

Location: • Foot Description: • Seven irregular-shaped bones Comment: • Includes talus, calcaneus, navicular, cuboid, and three cuneiform bones

Talus (tarsals)

Location: • Foot Description: • Irregular-shaped tarsal bone • Three distinct articular surfaces for articulation with tibia/fibula (ankle), navicular, and calcaneus Comment: • Forms connecting link (ankle joint) between foot and leg • Plantar flexion and dorsiflexion occur at ankle joint • Inversion and eversion occur at joint between talus and calcaneus (subtalar joint) • Important in maintaining arches of foot

Calcaneus (tarsals)

Location: • Foot (posterior) Description: • Most posterior tarsal bone • Largest tarsal bone • Irregular shape • Articulates with talus and cuboid bone

Navicular (tarsals)

Location: • Foot Description: • Irregular-shaped tarsal bone • Concave proximal surface articulates with talus • Convex distal surface articulates with cuneiform bones • Prominent tuberosity on medial side Comment: • Tuberosity provides attachment for tibialis posterior muscle • Latin: navicula = boat (describes shape)

Medial cuneiform (tarsals)

Location: • Foot Description: • Wedge-shaped tarsal bone • Articulates with intermediate cuneiform, navicular, and metatarsals I and II

Intermediate cuneiform (tarsals)

Intermediate cuneiform Location: • Foot Description: • Wedge-shaped tarsal bone • Articulates with lateral cuneiform, medial cuneiform, navicular, and metatarsal II

Lateral cuneiform (tarsals)

Location: • Foot Description: • Wedge-shaped tarsal bone • Articulates with cuboid, intermediate cuneiform, navicular, and metatarsal III

Cuboid (tarsals)

Location: • Foot Description: • Cube-shaped tarsal bone between calcaneus and metatarsals IV and V • Plantar surface has oblique groove for tendon of fibularis longus

Metatarsals

Location: • Foot Description: • Five small, long bones between tarsal bones to phalanges • Designated by roman numeral (I-V) from medial (great toe) to lateral (little toe) • Characteristic features are base (proximal), shaft, and head (distal) Comment: • Heads are surface contact points on plantar foot • Head of metatarsal I also known as "ball of the foot"

Phalanges of the foot

Location: • Foot (toes) Description: • Small bones of toes • Lateral four toes (2-4) have three phalanges each (proximal, middle, and distal) • Great toe has two phalanges (proximal and distal) Comment: • Singular of phalanges is phalanx

Proximal phalanx (foot)

Location: • Toes • Distal to metatarsals Description: • Small bone at base of toes Comment: • Lateral four toes have three phalanges each (proximal, middle, and distal) • Great toe has two phalanges (proximal and distal) • Pleural of phalanx is phalanges

Middle phalanx (foot)

Location: • Toes • Between promixal and distal phalanx in lateral four toes Description: • Small bone in toes Comment: • Lateral four toes have three phalanges each (proximal, middle, and distal) • Great toe has two phalanges (proximal and distal) • Pleural of phalanx is phalanges

Distal phalanx (foot)

Location: • Toes • Distal to middle phalanx in lateral four toes • Distal to proximal phalanx in great toe (digit I) Description: • Small bone at tip of toes • Covered by nail on dorsal surface Comment: • Lateral four toes have three phalanges each (proximal, middle, and distal) • Great toe has two phalanges (proximal and distal) • Pleural of phalanx is phalanges

Acromioclavicular joint

Location: • Shoulder (superior lateral aspect) • Between lateral (acromial) end of clavicle and acromion of scapula Description: • Synovial joint • May contain an articular disc Also known as: • "AC" joint Comment: • Dislocation of AC joint sometimes known as "shoulder separation"

Glenohumeral joint

Articulation between the glenoid fossa of the scapula and the head of the humerus

Humeroradial joint

The humeroradial joint is the joint between the head of the radius and the capitulum of the humerus, is a limited ball-and-socket joint, hinge type of synovial joint.

Humeroulnar joint

It composed of two bones, the humerus and ulna, and is the junction between the trochlear notch of ulna and the trochlea of humerus.

Proximal radioulnar joint

Synovial trochoid or pivot joint between the circumference of thehead of the radius and the ring formed by the radial notch of the ulna and the annular ligament.

Distal radioulnar joint

The distal radioulnar articulation pivot-joint formed between the head of ulna and the ulnar notch on the lower extremity of radius.

Radiocarpal joint

The radiocarpal joint is formed by the radius, radioulnar disk, and 3 bones in the proximal carpal row: the scaphoid, lunate, and triquetrum.

Intercarpal joint

The intercarpal joints are the articulations between the individual carpal bones.

Carpometacarpal joint

The carpometacarpal (CMC) joints are five joints in the wrist that articulate the distal row of carpal bones and the proximal bases of the five metacarpal bones.

Metacarpophalangeal joints

The metacarpophalangeal joints (MCP) refer to the joints between the metacarpal bones and the phalanges of the fingers.

Interphalangeal joints

Joints between the phalanges

Sacroiliac joint

the joint in the bony pelvis between the sacrum and the ilium of the pelvis

Pubic symphysis joint

The pubic symphysis is a midline or secondary cartilaginous joint located between the left and right pubic bones of the median plane.

Hip (coxal) joint

The hip joint is a ball-and-socket synovial joint formed between the os coxa (hip bone) and the femur.

Tibiofemoral joint

Articulation of the femur and tibia.

Knee (femoropatellar) joint

The knee joint joins the thigh with the leg and consists of two articulations: one between the femur and tibia, and one between the femur and patella.

Tibiofibular joint

A tibiofibular joint is one of the two connections between the two bones in the lower leg.

Tibiotalar joint

The ankle (tibiotalar joint). The ankle is where the shinbone (tibia) rests on the uppermost bone of the foot (the talus).

Intertarsal joint

The intertarsal articulations are the joints of the tarsal bones in the foot. There are seven specific intertarsal articulations in the human foot

Tarsometatarsal joints

Joints between tarsals and metatarsal regions

Intermetatarsal joints

Joints between metatarsals

Metatarsophalangeal joints

The metatarsophalangeal articulations are the joints between the metatarsal bones of the foot and the proximal bones (proximal phalanges) of the toes.

Interphalangeal joints (foot)

The interphalangeal articulations of the foot are the joints between the phalanges (bones) of the toes.

Appendicular Skeleton Flashcards

(103 cards)