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APPLE Flashcards

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1
Q

Most commonly used fumigant in fruit science?

A

1-MCP

1-MCP stands for 1-methylcyclopropene, which is used to delay ripening.

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2
Q

Chemical used for vigor control in fruit science?

A

SADH

SADH is a plant growth regulator that affects growth and development.

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3
Q

Best chemical thinner for fruit trees?

A

Benzyl adenine

Benzyl adenine is commonly used to improve fruit quality.

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4
Q

What causes embryonic dormancy in apple seeds?

A

GA, and GA,

GA refers to gibberellins, which are plant hormones that can inhibit seed germination.

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5
Q

Length of the screw in plunger used in pressure tester for apples?

A

1.1 cm

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6
Q

What does the term ‘bałf produced’ refer to?

A

Nursery trees lifted early for transplanting

‘Bałf’ indicates that the trees are not fully developed.

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7
Q

What is biennial cropping?

A

Achieved in tropics without chilling

Biennial cropping refers to fruit production every other year.

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8
Q

What improves fruit setting after harvest?

A

5% urea application

Urea is a nitrogen source that can enhance fruit development.

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9
Q

Deficiencies of which nutrients can be corrected through foliar sprays?

A

NO, K, Ca, B

Specific percentages: 1% urea (N), 0.5-0.8% K2SO4 (K), 0.5% CaCl2 (Ca), 0.1% boric acid (B).

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10
Q

What causes loss of fruit firmness during storage?

A

Increased activity of α-galactosidase enzyme

This enzyme is associated with fruit softening.

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11
Q

What is Ethrel used for in fruit science?

A

Colour development in lower hills

Ethrel is an ethylene-releasing compound that promotes ripening.

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12
Q

Where is apple color development more intense?

A

Higher hills

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13
Q

What are VENTEM, PODEM, and NECTEM?

A

Disease forecasting systems for apple scab, powdery mildew, and apple canker

These systems help in predicting disease outbreaks.

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14
Q

What are the controlled atmosphere (CA) storage conditions for apples?

A

0-5°C at 1-2% O2

These conditions help in extending the storage life of apples.

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15
Q

What do EPIVEN? and Mills infection periods refer to?

A

Disease forecasting of apple scab

These criteria help determine when to apply fungicides.

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16
Q

What model is developed to predict premature leaf fall disease?

A

Host-physio-epidemiological model

This model considers host and environmental factors affecting disease outbreaks.

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17
Q

Storage conditions for chilling sensitive apples?

A

-1 to 0°C at 85-90% R.H for 4-8 months

These conditions prevent chilling injury.

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18
Q

How many species does the genus Malus contain?

A

About 25-30 species

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19
Q

What is the progenitor or ancestor of cultivated apple?

A

Malus sylvestris

This species is derived from Malus sieversii.

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20
Q

What is the scientific name for domesticated apple?

A

Malus X domestica (syn. M. pumila, Pyrus malus)

This is the commonly cultivated apple species.

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21
Q

Which species is known for small fruit and resistance to scab?

A

M. floribunda

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22
Q

Which species is recognized as a sucker-free species?

A

M. sieversii

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23
Q

Name apomictic species of apples.

A

M. sikkimiensis, M. toringoides, M. hupehensis

Apomictic species can reproduce without fertilization.

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24
Q

Which species require minimum chilling hours?

A

M. sieboldii

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25
Indigenous species to the Himalayas?
M. baccata var. himalacia, M. sikkimmensis
26
Most commonly used fumigant in fruit science?
1-MCP ## Footnote 1-MCP stands for 1-methylcyclopropene, which is used to delay ripening.
27
Chemical used for vigor control in fruit science?
SADH ## Footnote SADH is a plant growth regulator that affects growth and development.
28
Best chemical thinner for fruit trees?
Benzyl adenine ## Footnote Benzyl adenine is commonly used to improve fruit quality.
29
What causes embryonic dormancy in apple seeds?
GA, and GA, ## Footnote GA refers to gibberellins, which are plant hormones that can inhibit seed germination.
30
Length of the screw in plunger used in pressure tester for apples?
1.1 cm
31
What does the term 'bałf produced' refer to?
Nursery trees lifted early for transplanting ## Footnote 'Bałf' indicates that the trees are not fully developed.
32
What is biennial cropping?
Achieved in tropics without chilling ## Footnote Biennial cropping refers to fruit production every other year.
33
What improves fruit setting after harvest?
5% urea application ## Footnote Urea is a nitrogen source that can enhance fruit development.
34
Deficiencies of which nutrients can be corrected through foliar sprays?
NO, K, Ca, B ## Footnote Specific percentages: 1% urea (N), 0.5-0.8% K2SO4 (K), 0.5% CaCl2 (Ca), 0.1% boric acid (B).
35
What causes loss of fruit firmness during storage?
Increased activity of α-galactosidase enzyme ## Footnote This enzyme is associated with fruit softening.
36
What is Ethrel used for in fruit science?
Colour development in lower hills ## Footnote Ethrel is an ethylene-releasing compound that promotes ripening.
37
Where is apple color development more intense?
Higher hills
38
What are VENTEM, PODEM, and NECTEM?
Disease forecasting systems for apple scab, powdery mildew, and apple canker ## Footnote These systems help in predicting disease outbreaks.
39
What are the controlled atmosphere (CA) storage conditions for apples?
0-5°C at 1-2% O2 ## Footnote These conditions help in extending the storage life of apples.
40
What do EPIVEN? and Mills infection periods refer to?
Disease forecasting of apple scab ## Footnote These criteria help determine when to apply fungicides.
41
What model is developed to predict premature leaf fall disease?
Host-physio-epidemiological model ## Footnote This model considers host and environmental factors affecting disease outbreaks.
42
Storage conditions for chilling sensitive apples?
-1 to 0°C at 85-90% R.H for 4-8 months ## Footnote These conditions prevent chilling injury.
43
How many species does the genus Malus contain?
About 25-30 species
44
What is the progenitor or ancestor of cultivated apple?
Malus sylvestris ## Footnote This species is derived from Malus sieversii.
45
What is the scientific name for domesticated apple?
Malus X domestica (syn. M. pumila, Pyrus malus) ## Footnote This is the commonly cultivated apple species.
46
Which species is known for small fruit and resistance to scab?
M. floribunda
47
Which species is recognized as a sucker-free species?
M. sieversii
48
Name apomictic species of apples.
M. sikkimiensis, M. toringoides, M. hupehensis ## Footnote Apomictic species can reproduce without fertilization.
49
Which species require minimum chilling hours?
M. sieboldii
50
Indigenous species to the Himalayas?
M. baccata var. himalacia, M. sikkimmensis
51
Most commonly used fumigant in fruit science?
1-MCP ## Footnote 1-MCP stands for 1-methylcyclopropene, which is used to delay ripening.
52
Chemical used for vigor control in fruit science?
SADH ## Footnote SADH is a plant growth regulator that affects growth and development.
53
Best chemical thinner for fruit trees?
Benzyl adenine ## Footnote Benzyl adenine is commonly used to improve fruit quality.
54
What causes embryonic dormancy in apple seeds?
GA, and GA, ## Footnote GA refers to gibberellins, which are plant hormones that can inhibit seed germination.
55
Length of the screw in plunger used in pressure tester for apples?
1.1 cm
56
What does the term 'bałf produced' refer to?
Nursery trees lifted early for transplanting ## Footnote 'Bałf' indicates that the trees are not fully developed.
57
What is biennial cropping?
Achieved in tropics without chilling ## Footnote Biennial cropping refers to fruit production every other year.
58
What improves fruit setting after harvest?
5% urea application ## Footnote Urea is a nitrogen source that can enhance fruit development.
59
Deficiencies of which nutrients can be corrected through foliar sprays?
NO, K, Ca, B ## Footnote Specific percentages: 1% urea (N), 0.5-0.8% K2SO4 (K), 0.5% CaCl2 (Ca), 0.1% boric acid (B).
60
What causes loss of fruit firmness during storage?
Increased activity of α-galactosidase enzyme ## Footnote This enzyme is associated with fruit softening.
61
What is Ethrel used for in fruit science?
Colour development in lower hills ## Footnote Ethrel is an ethylene-releasing compound that promotes ripening.
62
Where is apple color development more intense?
Higher hills
63
What are VENTEM, PODEM, and NECTEM?
Disease forecasting systems for apple scab, powdery mildew, and apple canker ## Footnote These systems help in predicting disease outbreaks.
64
What are the controlled atmosphere (CA) storage conditions for apples?
0-5°C at 1-2% O2 ## Footnote These conditions help in extending the storage life of apples.
65
What do EPIVEN? and Mills infection periods refer to?
Disease forecasting of apple scab ## Footnote These criteria help determine when to apply fungicides.
66
What model is developed to predict premature leaf fall disease?
Host-physio-epidemiological model ## Footnote This model considers host and environmental factors affecting disease outbreaks.
67
Storage conditions for chilling sensitive apples?
-1 to 0°C at 85-90% R.H for 4-8 months ## Footnote These conditions prevent chilling injury.
68
How many species does the genus Malus contain?
About 25-30 species
69
What is the progenitor or ancestor of cultivated apple?
Malus sylvestris ## Footnote This species is derived from Malus sieversii.
70
What is the scientific name for domesticated apple?
Malus X domestica (syn. M. pumila, Pyrus malus) ## Footnote This is the commonly cultivated apple species.
71
Which species is known for small fruit and resistance to scab?
M. floribunda
72
Which species is recognized as a sucker-free species?
M. sieversii
73
Name apomictic species of apples.
M. sikkimiensis, M. toringoides, M. hupehensis ## Footnote Apomictic species can reproduce without fertilization.
74
Which species require minimum chilling hours?
M. sieboldii
75
Indigenous species to the Himalayas?
M. baccata var. himalacia, M. sikkimmensis
76
Most commonly used fumigant in fruit science?
1-MCP ## Footnote 1-MCP stands for 1-methylcyclopropene, which is used to delay ripening.
77
Chemical used for vigor control in fruit science?
SADH ## Footnote SADH is a plant growth regulator that affects growth and development.
78
Best chemical thinner for fruit trees?
Benzyl adenine ## Footnote Benzyl adenine is commonly used to improve fruit quality.
79
What causes embryonic dormancy in apple seeds?
GA, and GA, ## Footnote GA refers to gibberellins, which are plant hormones that can inhibit seed germination.
80
Length of the screw in plunger used in pressure tester for apples?
1.1 cm
81
What does the term 'bałf produced' refer to?
Nursery trees lifted early for transplanting ## Footnote 'Bałf' indicates that the trees are not fully developed.
82
What is biennial cropping?
Achieved in tropics without chilling ## Footnote Biennial cropping refers to fruit production every other year.
83
What improves fruit setting after harvest?
5% urea application ## Footnote Urea is a nitrogen source that can enhance fruit development.
84
Deficiencies of which nutrients can be corrected through foliar sprays?
NO, K, Ca, B ## Footnote Specific percentages: 1% urea (N), 0.5-0.8% K2SO4 (K), 0.5% CaCl2 (Ca), 0.1% boric acid (B).
85
What causes loss of fruit firmness during storage?
Increased activity of α-galactosidase enzyme ## Footnote This enzyme is associated with fruit softening.
86
What is Ethrel used for in fruit science?
Colour development in lower hills ## Footnote Ethrel is an ethylene-releasing compound that promotes ripening.
87
Where is apple color development more intense?
Higher hills
88
What are VENTEM, PODEM, and NECTEM?
Disease forecasting systems for apple scab, powdery mildew, and apple canker ## Footnote These systems help in predicting disease outbreaks.
89
What are the controlled atmosphere (CA) storage conditions for apples?
0-5°C at 1-2% O2 ## Footnote These conditions help in extending the storage life of apples.
90
What do EPIVEN? and Mills infection periods refer to?
Disease forecasting of apple scab ## Footnote These criteria help determine when to apply fungicides.
91
What model is developed to predict premature leaf fall disease?
Host-physio-epidemiological model ## Footnote This model considers host and environmental factors affecting disease outbreaks.
92
Storage conditions for chilling sensitive apples?
-1 to 0°C at 85-90% R.H for 4-8 months ## Footnote These conditions prevent chilling injury.
93
How many species does the genus Malus contain?
About 25-30 species
94
What is the progenitor or ancestor of cultivated apple?
Malus sylvestris ## Footnote This species is derived from Malus sieversii.
95
What is the scientific name for domesticated apple?
Malus X domestica (syn. M. pumila, Pyrus malus) ## Footnote This is the commonly cultivated apple species.
96
Which species is known for small fruit and resistance to scab?
M. floribunda
97
Which species is recognized as a sucker-free species?
M. sieversii
98
Name apomictic species of apples.
M. sikkimiensis, M. toringoides, M. hupehensis ## Footnote Apomictic species can reproduce without fertilization.
99
Which species require minimum chilling hours?
M. sieboldii
100
Indigenous species to the Himalayas?
M. baccata var. himalacia, M. sikkimmensis
101
What is the seedling origin of the erab apple?
Cultivated as ornamental tree for attractive flowers and fruits ## Footnote It is also a good source of disease resistance and pollination, used as rootstock, resistant to collar rot, root rot and woolly aphids.
102
Which apple variety is resistant to scab?
M. atrosanguinca: Single dominant gene and partially polygenic ## Footnote This variety also shows resistance to other diseases.
103
What variety is resistant to powdery mildew and Codling moth?
M. zumi (P-2): Single dominant gene ## Footnote This variety helps manage specific pests in apple cultivation.
104
Which apple variety is resistant to woolly aphids?
M. hupehensis ## Footnote This variety contributes to pest resistance in apple orchards.
105
What factors contribute to June drop in apples?
Environmental factors i.e. moisture stress ## Footnote This drop occurs after the initial fruit set.
106
What is the most serious economic loss due to fruit drop?
Pre-harvest drop ## Footnote Remedy: NAA @ 10 ppm can be used to mitigate this loss.
107
What fruit thinning agents can be used for apples?
Carbaryl or Sevin @ 750-1000 ppm or NAA @ 10-20 ppm ## Footnote These agents help manage fruit set and optimize yield.
108
Who initiated the work of classification, testing, and standardization of apple rootstocks?
Ronald Hatton in 1912 ## Footnote He developed the Malling series of rootstocks.
109
What are the two dominant apple varieties in world production?
Delicious apple and Golden Delicious ## Footnote Delicious apples were discovered in Iowa in 1872, and Golden Delicious was selected in West Virginia in 1905.
110
When were Delicious varieties introduced in India?
1918 by S.N. Stokes ## Footnote This marked the beginning of commercial apple cultivation in India.
111
Who produced the first apple cultivar of known parentage?
Thomas A. Knight ## Footnote His work laid the foundation for modern apple breeding.
112
What organization developed virus-free planting material for apples?
IHBT, Palampur ## Footnote This is crucial for maintaining healthy apple production.
113
When was apple improvement work initiated in Jammu and Kashmir?
1956 ## Footnote This initiative aimed to enhance apple varieties in the region.
114
When was the first exotic introduction of apple made in Ooty?
1820 ## Footnote This introduction expanded the genetic diversity of apples in India.
115
What are Golden Haidegg and Lysgolden known for?
Radiation induced mutants of Golden Delicious ## Footnote These mutants showcase the potential for genetic variation in apple breeding.
116
What are transgenic Arctic apples known for?
Non-browning ## Footnote Golden Delicious was transformed to produce these apples for better shelf life.
117
What is the hybrid 'Modi' a cross of?
Liberty x Gala ## Footnote Developed by Consorzio Italiano Vivaisti in 2007.
118
What is unique about the Black Diamond apple?
Rare breed from the family of Hua Niu apples, cultivated in Tibet ## Footnote It has dark purple skin with white pulp due to high altitude.
119
Which country is the largest producer of apples?
China is the largest producer of apples in the world, followed by the USA.
120
What is India's rank in world apple production?
India ranks 3rd in world apple production.
121
Which region in India is known as the fruit bowl of apples?
Himachal Pradesh is known as the fruit bowl of apples in India.
122
Where is the maximum apple production in India?
The maximum production in India is in Jammu and Kashmir, followed by Himachal Pradesh.
123
Which fruit has the longest storage life?
Among fruits, apples have the longest storage life.
124
Can apples float in water?
Yes, apples can float in water.
125
What are short shoots in pome fruits called?
Short shoots in pome fruits are named 'spurs' when they are usually floral.
126
Where is the most suitable dry temperate region for apple cultivation in India?
The most suitable dry temperate region for apple cultivation in India is Northern India.
127
What is the predominant photo assimilate in apples?
The major sugar (predominant photo assimilate) in apples is Sorbitol.
128
What is the average productivity of apples?
The average productivity of apples is 10 t/ha.
129
Who developed the concept of effective pollination period (EPP) in apples?
The concept of effective pollination period (EPP) in apples was developed by Williams in 1965.
130
What is the optimum temperature for pollen germination and fruit setting in apples?
The optimum temperature for pollen germination and fruit setting is 21.1 - 26.7°C.
131
What is chilling requirement in plants?
Chilling requirement is the amount of cold needed by a plant to resume normal spring growth following the winter period.
132
What method was used to calculate cumulative chill units for apple in Kullu and Shimla?
Cumulative chill units for apple in Kullu and Shimla were calculated using the Ashcroft et al. (1997) method and Utah model (Byrne and Bacon, 1992).
133
What does the Ashcroft model use for chilling calculation?
The Ashcroft model uses only the average temperature of the coldest months.
134
What is the Modified Chill Hour model?
The Modified Chill Hour model measures chilling as 1 hour at or below 45°F.
135
How does the Utah chilling model work?
The Utah chilling model gives positive, negative, or no chilling units based on the temperature in each hour.
136
What is the Dynamic chilling model?
The Dynamic Model measures chilling in units called chilling portions (CP), where one portion equals 28 hours at 6°C (43°F).
137
What is the Shimla chilling model?
The Shimla chilling model is location-specific and not applicable to all apple growing areas.
138
Which country is the largest producer of apples?
China is the largest producer of apples in the world, followed by the USA.
139
What is India's rank in world apple production?
India ranks 3rd in world apple production.
140
Which region in India is known as the fruit bowl of apples?
Himachal Pradesh is known as the fruit bowl of apples in India.
141
Where is the maximum apple production in India?
The maximum production in India is in Jammu and Kashmir, followed by Himachal Pradesh.
142
Which fruit has the longest storage life?
Among fruits, apples have the longest storage life.
143
Can apples float in water?
Yes, apples can float in water.
144
What are short shoots in pome fruits called?
Short shoots in pome fruits are named 'spurs' when they are usually floral.
145
Where is the most suitable dry temperate region for apple cultivation in India?
The most suitable dry temperate region for apple cultivation in India is Northern India.
146
What is the predominant photo assimilate in apples?
The major sugar (predominant photo assimilate) in apples is Sorbitol.
147
What is the average productivity of apples?
The average productivity of apples is 10 t/ha.
148
Who developed the concept of effective pollination period (EPP) in apples?
The concept of effective pollination period (EPP) in apples was developed by Williams in 1965.
149
What is the optimum temperature for pollen germination and fruit setting in apples?
The optimum temperature for pollen germination and fruit setting is 21.1 - 26.7°C.
150
What is chilling requirement in plants?
Chilling requirement is the amount of cold needed by a plant to resume normal spring growth following the winter period.
151
What method was used to calculate cumulative chill units for apple in Kullu and Shimla?
Cumulative chill units for apple in Kullu and Shimla were calculated using the Ashcroft et al. (1997) method and Utah model (Byrne and Bacon, 1992).
152
What does the Ashcroft model use for chilling calculation?
The Ashcroft model uses only the average temperature of the coldest months.
153
What is the Modified Chill Hour model?
The Modified Chill Hour model measures chilling as 1 hour at or below 45°F.
154
How does the Utah chilling model work?
The Utah chilling model gives positive, negative, or no chilling units based on the temperature in each hour.
155
What is the Dynamic chilling model?
The Dynamic Model measures chilling in units called chilling portions (CP), where one portion equals 28 hours at 6°C (43°F).
156
What is the Shimla chilling model?
The Shimla chilling model is location-specific and not applicable to all apple growing areas.
157
What is the crab apple used for?
It is an ornamental tree known for its attractive flowers and fruits. It is also a good source of disease resistance and pollination, and is used as rootstock.
158
What diseases is the crab apple resistant to?
It is resistant to collar rot, root rot, woolly aphids, scab, powdery mildew, fire blight, and Codling moth.
159
What gene is associated with scab resistance in crab apples?
M. atrosanguinea has a single dominant gene and is partially polygenic for scab resistance.
160
What is the remedy for pre-harvest fruit drop?
The remedy is NAA at 10 ppm.
161
What are the causes of early post blossom fruit drop?
Defective pollination and fruit competition can lead to early post blossom drop.
162
What is the fruit thinning agent for apples?
Carbaryl or Sevin at 750-1000 ppm or NAA at 10-20 ppm.
163
Who initiated the classification and standardization of apple rootstocks?
Ronald Hatton initiated the work in 1912.
164
Which apple varieties dominate world production?
The world apple production is dominated by Delicious apple and Golden Delicious.
165
Who introduced Delicious varieties in India?
S.N. Stok introduced Delicious varieties in India during 1918.
166
What significant apple improvement work began in Jammu and Kashmir?
Apple improvement work was initiated in Jammu and Kashmir in 1956.
167
What is the significance of the Golden Delicious apple?
Golden Delicious was transformed to produce transgenic Arctic apples which are non-browning.
168
What is 'Modi' apple?
'Modi' is a cultivar developed by Consorzio Italiano Vivaisti in 2007.
169
What is the Black Diamond apple?
Black Diamond is a rare breed from the family of Hua Niu apples cultivated in Tibet, known for its dark purple skin and white pulp.

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