Applied Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
(174 cards)
1
Q
What are the three types of muscle? Describe each.
A
- smooth muscle - found in organs and blood vessels (involuntary)
- cardiac muscle - heart (involuntary)
- skeletal muscle - attached to skeleton (voluntary)
2
Q
What are voluntary and involuntary muscles?
A
- voluntary muscles = under conscious control
* involuntary muscles = not under conscious control
3
Q
What are the three different types of skeletal muscle fibres?
A
- type I
- type lla
- type llx
4
Q
What are the features of type l skeletal muscle fibres?
A
- slow contraction speed
- low force produced
- high resistance to fatigue
- red
5
Q
What are the features of a type lla skeletal muscle fibre?
A
- fast contraction speed
- medium force
- medium resistance to fatigue
- pink
6
Q
What are the features of type llx skeletal muscle fibres?
A
- very fast contraction speed
- high force
- low resistance to fatigue
- white
7
Q
What sports person needs type l fibres?
A
Endurance cyclists
8
Q
Why are type l fibres red?
A
They have a large amount of capillaries to transport oxygenated blood
9
Q
What sports person needs type llx fibres?
A
Sprinter
10
Q
Where is the deltoid muscle? Give it’s function.
A
Shoulder - abduction of shoulder (away from body)
11
Q
Where is the pectoralis major? Give it’s function.
A
Chest - addiction of shoulder (towards body) and horizontal flexion of shoulder (forwards)
12
Q
Where are the triceps? State wants they do.
A
Back of upper arm - extend elbow
13
Q
Where are the biceps? State their function.
A
Front of upper arm - flex the elbow
14
Q
Where are the external obliques? What do they do?
A
Side of abs - rotation sideways
15
Q
Where are the Latissimus dorsi? Give their function.
A
Sides of your back - shoulder adduction (towards body) and shoulder horizontal extension (arms forward)
16
Q
Where are the hip flexors and what do they do?
A
Around front of groin - hip flexion (moving knee towards chest)
17
Q
Where is the gluteus maximus? What do they do?
A
Bum muscles - hip extension (moving leg backwards)
18
Q
Where are the quadriceps and what do they do?
A
Front of thigh - extend knee
19
Q
Where are your hamstrings and what do they do?
A
Back of thigh - flex the knee
20
Q
Where are the gastrocnemius and what do they do?
A
Calf muscle - plantar flexion of ankle ( point toes)
21
Q
Where are the tibialis anterior? Give their function.
A
Front and side of calf/shin - dorsiflexion of ankle (flex toes)
22
Q
What are the two main types of muscle contraction?
A
- isotonic concentric contraction
* isotonic eccentric contraction
23
Q
What is isotonic concentric contraction?
A
Involves muscle shortening, origin and insertion moving closer to become fatter.
24
Q
What is isotonic eccentric contraction?
A
Involves muscles lengthening whilst under tension, origin and insertion move away from one another. Provides control on downwards phase and resists the force of gravity.
25
How do muscles transfer force to bones?
Through tendons
26
How does muscle contraction work?
Tendons move are mines and associated parts by pulling on them
27
What are antagonistic muscle pairs?
One muscle contracts to move body part, the other contracts to move the body part back
28
In an antagonistic muscle pair what are the names for the contracting and relaxing muscles?
* muscle that is contracting is called the agonist
| * muscle that is relaxing is called antagonist
29
Name 3 antagonistic muscle pairs.
* bicep/tricep
* hamstring/quadriceps
* gluteus maximus/hip flexors
30
What is a fixator?
The muscles around antagonistic pairs that support and stabilise the joint, some also act as a synergist (perform same action as agonist)
31
Give an example of a fixator.
Trapezius addicting bicep flexion
32
Where is the cranium?
Head
33
Where is the clavicle?
Top of shoulder
34
Where is the sternum?
Chest
35
Where is the humerus?
Upper arm
36
Where is the radius?
lower arm
37
Where is the ulna?
Wrist
38
Where is the femur?
Thigh
39
Where is the patella?
Knee cap
40
Where are the tarsals?
Ankle
41
Where are the metatarsals?
Top of foot
42
Where are the phalanges?
Toes and fingers
43
Where is the scapula?
Back of shoulder
44
Where are the ribs?
Torso
45
Where is the vertebral column?
Spine
46
Where is the pelvis?
Hips
47
Where are the carpals?
Wrist
48
Where are the metacarpals?
Back of hand
49
Where is the fibula?
Side of calf
50
Where is the tibia?
Inside of calf
51
Which bone is a long bone?
Femur
52
What is a long bone?
Cylindrical shapes found in limbs, act as a lever
53
What bone is a short bone?
Carpals
54
What is a short bone?
Designed for strength and weight bearing, compact and equal in length
55
What kind of bone is a flat bone?
Ribs
56
What is a flat bone?
Flat surface, protect internal organs
57
Which bone is an irregular bone?
Vertebrae
58
What is an irregular bone?
Complex, individual shapes m, for protection and muscle attachment
59
What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?
* movement
* support and protection
* production of blood cells (red bone marrow)
* storage of minerals
* attachment of muscles
60
What is a joint?
A place where two or more bones meet
61
What is connective tissue made up from?
Ligaments, cartilage and tendons
62
What holds joints together?
Ligaments (stabilise joints)
63
Where is cartilage found?
End of bones and where joints meet
64
What is the role of tendons?
Attach muscle to bone
65
What are Synovial joints?
Freely movable joints that allow us to do physical activity
66
What is synovial fluid and what does it do?
Fluid in the joint cavity made from synovial membrane that Oils the joint so it moves more smoothly
67
What are ligaments?
The connect bone to bone and stabilise joints during movement, can absorb shock and help maintain posture
68
What are the 4 types of synovial joint?
* hinge
* ball and socket
* pivot
* condyloid
69
Where are hinge joints found?
Elbow and knee
70
What do hinge joints do?
* allow movement in one direction
| * allow flexion and extension
71
What do ball and socket joints do?
Round end of bone that fits into cup-like area of another bone to allow movement in every direction
72
Where are ball and socket joints found?
Shoulder and hip
73
What are pivot joints?
Allows rotation
74
Where are pivot joints found?
Neck
75
What are condyloid joints?
Allows flexion and extension and sideways movement
76
Where can a condyloid joint be found?
Wrist
77
What is flexion? Give a sporting example.
Bending a joint - bicep curls
78
What is extension? Give a sporting example.
Straightening joint - shot put
79
What is abduction? Give a sporting example.
Movement away from midline of body - star jumps
80
What is adduction? Give a sporting example.
Movement towards the midline of body - star jumps
81
What is circumduction? Give a sporting example.
Circular movement of a limb - tennis serve
82
What is rotation? Give a sporting example.
Circular movement of a limb around a fixed joint - golf
83
What is plantar-flexion? Give a sporting example.
Pointing toes - ballet
84
What is dorsiflexion?
Movement of foot towards shin
85
What types of movements can be done around a ball and socket joint?
* flexion
* extension
* abduction
* adduction
* circumduction
86
What types of movement can be done around a hinge joint?
* flexion
| * extension
87
What type of movement can be done around a pivot joint?
•rotation
88
What types of movement can be done around a condyloid joint?
* flexion
* extension
* abduction
* adduction
* circumduction
89
What does the right side of the heart do?
Pumps deoxygenated blood to lungs
90
What does the left hand side of the heart do?
Pumps oxygenated blood around the body
91
What is the atria?
Where the blood enters heart
92
What are the ventricles?
Pump blood out of heart
93
What is the septum?
Supersets different sides
94
Where is the tricuspid valve and what does it do?
Between right atrium and right ventricle
| Opens due to build up of pressure in right atrium
95
Where is the bicuspid valve and what does it do?
Between the left atrium and left ventricle
| Opens due to build up of pressure in left atrium
96
What do the semilunar valves do?
Stop back flow of blood into heart
97
What does the pulmonary artery do?
Carries deoxygenated blood away from right side of heart to lungs
98
What does the pulmonary vein do?
Returns oxygenated blood from the lungs to the heart
99
What is the main artery called?
Aorta
100
What is the main vein called?
Vena cava
101
What are the three blood vessels that carry blood?
* veins
* arteries
* capillaries
102
Give 2 features of an artery.
* thick, elastic wall
| * small lumen
103
Give 2 features of a vein?
* thin wall
* large lumen
* valve
104
Give 1 feature of a capillary?
•single cell wall
105
What is the function of a capillary?
Allows gas and nutrient diffusion from blood to cells
106
What are the 4 components of blood?
* red blood cells
* white blood cells
* platelets
* plasma
107
What do red blood cells do?
Transport oxygen around body
108
What does white blood cells do?
Fight infection
109
What do platelets do?
Clot to prevent blood loss
110
What is plasma?
Liquid part of blood
111
Why do red blood cells have a large surface area?
Allows rapid diffusion of oxygen
112
What are the 3 functions of the cardiovascular system?
* transport oxygen and nutrients
* clotting is open wounds
* regulation of body temperature
113
What is the process called when blood vessels close the the surface of the skin enlarge?
Vasodilation
114
What does vasodilation do?
Allows heat loos from blood
115
What are the 2 values of a blood pressure reading called?
Systolic and diastolic
116
What is the systolic value measuring?
Blood pressure while heart is squeezing
117
What is the diastolic value measuring?
Blood pressure while heart is relaxing
118
What is cardiac output?
Amount of blood pumped from heart every minute
119
How do you calculate cardiac output?
Heart rate x Stoke volume
120
What is stroke volume?
Amount of blood pumped out of ventricles each time they contract
121
What is heart rate?
The number of times the heart beats in one minute
122
Where does air enter the body?
Nasal cavity and mouth
123
Where does air go after it is breathed in?
Enters the trachea
124
What does the trachea divide into?
Two bronchi
125
What does each bronchus branch out into?
Smaller tubes called bronchioles
126
What is at the end of the bronchioles?
Millions of alveoli whee has exchange takes place
127
Which are the two important structures for breathing?
* diaphragm
| * intercostal muscles
128
What is inspiration?
Breathing in - diaphragm contracts and moved downwards, intercostal muscles contract and move up and out
129
What is expiration?
Breathing out - diaphragm relaxes and intercostal muscle relaxes and moves in and down
130
What is the lungs vital capacity?
The maximum amount of air that can be breathes out after breathing in as much as possible
131
What increases someone’s vital capacity?
Regular exercise
132
What is your lungs tidal volume?
The amount of air breathes in with each normal breath
133
What is your total lung capacity?
Total amount of air that lungs can hold after highest possible breath in
134
What increases the tidal wave?
Breathing deeply
135
Why does your heart rate increase when you do exercise?
To increase the rate at which oxygen is transported
136
What is anaerobic respiration?
Quick spurts of intense excise
137
What is the equation for anaerobic respiration?
Glucose -> energy + lactic acid
138
What is aerobic respiration?
Produces energy while our bodies take part in low intensity exercise for long periods of time
139
What is the equation for aerobic respiration?
Glucose + oxygen -> energy + water + CO2
140
How an example of an americium sport?
Javelin
141
Give an example of an aerobic sport?
Jogging
142
How long can anaerobic exercise be sustained for?
A few seconds without tiring
143
What are the short term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system?
* increase stroke volume
* increase heart rate
* increase cardiac output
* increase blood pressure
144
What are the short term effects of exercise on the respiratory system?
* increase breathing rate
| * increase tidal volume
145
What are the short term effects of exercise on the cardio-respiratory system?
* increase oxygen uptake
| * increase carbon dioxide removal
146
What is he short term effect of exercise on the energy system?
•increase lactate production
147
What are the short term effects of exercise on the muscular system?
* Increase in temperature of muscles
* Increased pliability
* Muscle fatigue
148
What are 3 Lon term effects of exercise on the cardiovascular system? What type of training causes this?
•increased number of red blood cells
•increased strength of heart
•increase maximum cardiac output
-aerobic
149
What are 3 long term effects of exercise on the respiratory system? What type of training causes this?
•increased strength of respiratory muscles
•increased lung capacity and volume
•increased number of functioning alveoli
-aerobic
150
What are the long term effects of exercise on the energy system? What type of training causes this?
•increased production of energy
•increased tolerance to lactic acid
-aerobic and anaerobic
151
What are the long term effects of exercise on the muscular system? What type of training causes this?
•muscle hypertrophy
•increased strength of tendons and ligaments
-resistance
152
What is the long term effect of exercise on the skeletal system? What type of training causes this?
•increase bone density
| -resistance
153
What is cardiac hypetrophy?
Increase is size of heart
154
What is capillarisation?
Process where new capillaries are formed in the alveoli
155
What 4 things does a lever consist of?
* rigid bone structure
* force from muscle producing turning movement
* fulcrum (fixed joint)
* load/resistance places on bone
156
What is a first class lever?
Fulcrum in middle of effort load
157
Give an example of a first class lever.
Raising head from neck to header football
158
What is a second class lever?
Load in middle of effort and fulcrum
159
Give an example of a second class lever.
Tiptoeing on ankles during take off of jump
160
What is a third class lever?
Effort is in the middle of fulcrum and load
161
Give an example of a third class lever.
Bicep curls
162
What abbreviation shows which part of the lever is in the middle for each one?
FLE
- 1st : Fulcrum
- 2nd : Load
- 3rd : Effort
163
How can you work out mechanical advantage?
Effort arm / resistance arm
164
What is mechanical advantage?
The levers can overcome a large load with little effort
165
What is mechanical disadvantage?
When a levers load arm is larger than its effort arm
166
What is a saguaro plane?
A vertical division into left and right sides
167
What types of movement occur at sagittal planes?
Flexion and extension
168
What is a frontal plane?
Vertical division into front and back
169
What type of movement occurs in frontal planes?
Adduction and abduction
170
What is a transverse plane?
Horizontal division into upper and slower half
171
What type of movement occurs in a transverse plane?
Rotation
172
What is a frontal axis?
A line running from left to right through centre of body
173
What is a sagittal axis?
A line running from front to back through centre of body
174
What is a vertical axis?
A line running from top to bottom through the centre of the body
