Applied Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards by Ethan Wragg

what are the four types of bones

flat bones
short bones
long bones
irregular bones

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name all 14 bones

Cranium
Sternum
Ribs
Vertebrae
Pelvis
Femur
Patella
Tibia
Talus
Fibula
Ulna
Radius
Humerus
Scapula

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what are the 6 functions of the skeleton

Support
Protection
Movement
Shape&amp;Structure
Blood Cell Production
Storage of Minerals

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what is the support function of the skeleton

Provide support for the muscles and vital organs by holding them in place

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what is the protection function of the skeleton

Bones act as a rigid shell. protect vital organs and CNS

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what is the movement function of the skeleton

Movement takes place at joints where multiple bones articulate. Provides surface for muscle tendons to attach to

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what is the Shape&Structure function of the skeleton

Skeleton provides the body with framework to prevent us being a pile of jelly

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what is the blood cell production function of the skeleton

Bone marrow is where Red Blood cells, White Blood cells and Platelets are produced

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what is the storage of minerals function of the skeleton

Bones store key minerals such as Calcium

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what are synovial joints

Freely moveable joints

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what are the 9 parts of the synovial joint

Muscle, 
Tendon, 
Bursae, 
Bones, 
cartilage, 
Synovial fluid, 
ligament,
 synovial membrane, 
joint capsule

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what are the two types of joints

Hinge joint

ball and socket joint

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what two movements can happen at a hinge joint

Flexion

Extension

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what is the role of ligaments in a synovial joint

stabilise the joint, attach to bones and go througth the middle

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what is the role of cartilage in a synovial joint

at ends of the bones to stop bones rubbing against each other

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what is the role of tendons in a synovial joint

attach bones to muscles to allow movement

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what is the role of the bursae in a synovial joint

a sac filled with liquid to reduce friction between bone and tendon

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what is the role of the joint capsule

tissue that stops synovial fluid form escaping and holds bones together

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what is the role of the synovial membrane in a synovial joint

lining inside the joint capsule that secretes synovial fluid

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what is the role of synovial fluid in a synovial joint

liquid that lubricates the joint

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what are the 7 basic movements

flexion
extension
abduction
adduction
rotation
plantar flexion
dorsiflexion

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what is dorsiflexion

movement of the ankle that brings the toes towards the body

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what is plantar flexion

movement of the ankle that allows the foot to extend

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what are the 13 muscles

deltoid
rotator cuff
pectorals
tricep
bicep
quadricep group
hip flexor
tibialis anterior
latissimus dorsi
gluteals
hamstring group
gastrocnemius

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what is an antagonistic pair

two muscles that work together to allow movement

what is the role of the prime mover / agonist

the muscle contracts

what is the role of the antagonist

the muscle relaxes as the agonist contracts

what is an isometric contraction

the muscle stays the same length so nothing moves

what is an isotonic contraction

the muscles changes length so something moves

what are the two types of isotonic contraction

concentric isotonic contractions | eccentric isotonic contraction

what is a concentric isotonic contraction

this is when a muslces contracts and shortens

what is an eccentric isotonic contraction

this is when a muscles contracts and lengthens

what are the 11 parts of the respiratory system

``` Nose Mouth Intercostal muscles Rib cage Broncholes Alveoli Capillaries Lungs Diaphragm Bronchus Trachea ```

what is the function of the respiratory system

to oxygenate the blood and remove waste CO2

how is the alveoli adapted for gaseous exchange

large surface area thin walls efficient blood supply

what is inspiration

inhaling

what is expiration

exhaling

what happens during inspiration

``` Ribs move up Intercostal Muscles contract diaphragm pulls down chest expands lungs decrease ```

what happens during expiration

``` Rib cage lowers Intercostal Muscles relax Diaphragm relaxes in a dome position chest becomes smaller lungs increase ```

what is a spirometer

graph that measures the five volumes associated with the lungs

what is tidal volume

amount of gas an individual inspires or expires normally

what is expiratory reserve volume

amount of gas an individual can exhale beyond tidal expiration

what is inspiratory reserve volume

amount of gas an individual can inhale beyond tidal inspiration

what is residual volume

amount of gas remaining after maximum expiration

what is vital capacity

the greatest possible amount of gas that can be inspired after greatest possible inspiration

what are the four connections to the heart

Vena Cava Pulmonary artery Pulmonary vein Aorta

what are th four parts of the heart

right atrium right ventricle left atrium left ventricle

what are the two sides to the heart

deoxygenated right | oxygenated left

what are the four types of blood vessels

capillaries arteries veins

how is blood redistributed during exercise

Vasodilation | Vasoconstriction

what is vasodilation

enlargement or stretching of vessels

what is vasoconstriction

constriction of vessels

what is diastole

occurs when the chambers of the heart fill with blood

what is systole

occurs when the chambers of the heart empty of blood

what is cardiac output

total amount of blood outputted from the heart per minute

what is stroke volume

volume of blood pumped form the left ventricle per beat

what is heart rate

amount of times the heart contracts per minute

what is the cardiac output formula

cardiac output = stroke volume x heart rate

what is aerobic respiration

working at a low to moderate intensity so that the body has time to use oxygen for energy production and can work for a long period of time

what is anaerobic respiration

working at a high intensity so that the body doesn't have time to use oxygen for energy production and can work for a long period of time

what does EPOC stand for

Excess Post-exercise Oxygen Consumption

what is EPOC

the amount of oxygen needed to recover after exercise. it is characterised by deep breathing and increased breathing rate

how does a massage help recover form exercise

increases blood flow to the muscles

how does an ice bath help recover form exercise

helps to flush out lactic acid because cold constricts vessels

what are the 5 immediate effects of exercise

``` Heart rate increases body temp increases sweat skin goes red breathe more deeply and frequently ```

what are short term effects of exercise

effects of exercise that are felt 24-36 hours after exercise

what are the 6 short term effects of exercise

``` muscle fatigue light headed nauseous muscles ache DOMS muscle cramps ```

what are the 6 long term effects of exercise

``` body changes shape improvements to specific components of fitness work for longer periods muscles increase in size and strength heart size increases resting heart rate lowers ```

Applied Anatomy and Physiology Flashcards

(68 cards)