Applied Anatomy And Physiology Flashcards
(123 cards)
1
Q
The structure of the skeleton
What does it provide?
A
A framework for the muscles to produce movement
A point for muscles - where muscles contract they pull bones to create movement
2
Q
Flat bones
A
Are often large and usually protect vital organs
3
Q
Examples of flat bones
A
Pelvis and cranium
4
Q
Long bones
A
Enable gross large movement
5
Q
Examples of long bones
A
Tibia
Fibia
Femur
6
Q
Short bones
A
Enable finer controlled movement
7
Q
Examples of short bones
A
Tallus
8
Q
Irregular bones
A
Are specifically shaped to protect
9
Q
Examples of irregular bones
A
The vertebrae designed to protect the spinal cord
And Patella
10
Q
What are the functions of the skeleton?
A
Support Protection of vital organs Movement Structural shape Blood cell production Storage of minerals
11
Q
function of the skeleton: support
A
Rigid bones keep us upright and hold the rest of the body in place
12
Q
function of the skeleton: protection of vital organs
A
Flat bones enclose and protect vital organs
Eg the brain is inside the cranium and the ribs protect the lungs and heart
13
Q
function of the skeleton: movement
A
Bones provide anchor points for muscles; bones work as leavers to allow movement
14
Q
function of the skeleton: structural shape
A
Bones give us our general shape, such as our shape and build
15
Q
function of the skeleton: blood cell production
A
The inner marrow of long bones and ribs produce red and white blood cells
16
Q
function of the skeleton: storage of minerals
A
Bones store calcium and phosphorus
17
Q
What is a joint?
A
Where two or more bones meet to allow movement
18
Q
What are synovial joints?
A
Shoulder, knee, hip, elbow and ankle
Hinge and ball and socket
19
Q
Tendons
A
Very strong non elastic cords that join muscle to bone
20
Q
Bursae
A
A sac filled with liquid that floats inside the joint
Reduces friction between tendons and bones
21
Q
Cartilage
A
Preventing bones rubbing to together - shock absorber
Prevents friction as it cover the end of the bone
22
Q
Synovial fluid
A
Clear and slippered liquid that lubricates the joint and stops the bones rubbing together
23
Q
Ligaments
A
Bands of elastic fibre that attach bone to bone
Keeping the joints stable by restricting movement
24
Q
Synovial membrane
A
The lining inside the joint capsule that releases synovial fluid
25
Joint capsule
Tissue that stops the synovial fluid from escaping and supports and holds the bones together
26
Shoulder joint
Articulating bones
Type
Movements
Humerus and scapula
Ball and socket
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction , rotation
27
Elbow joint
Articulating bones
Type
Movements
Humerus and ulna and radius
Hinge joint
Flexion and extension
28
Knee joint
Articulating bones
Type
Movements
Femur , tibia and Patella
Hinge joint
Flexion and extension
29
Hip joint
Articulating bones
Type
Movements
Femur and pelvis
Ball and socket
Flexion, extension, abduction, adduction
30
Ankle joint
Articulating bones
Type
Movements
Tibia talus fibula
Hinge joint
Plantar flexion, dorsi flexion
31
Flexion
Movement where the angle between the bones decrease
32
Extension
Movement where the angle between the bones increase
33
Plantar flexion
Movement that describes the pointing of the foot towards the ground
34
Dorsi flexion
Movement that involves the movement of the foot away from the ground
35
Abduction
Movement where limbs are moved away from the body
36
Adduction
Movement where limbs are moved backwards towards the body
37
Rotation
Turning a limb along its axis
38
Prime mover or agonist
The muscle that contracts to create movement
39
Antagonist
The muscle that relaxes
40
Antagonistic pair at the elbow joint
Bicep and tricep
41
Antagonistic pair at the hip joint
Hip flexors and gluteals
42
Antagonistic pair at the knee joint
Hamstring and quadriceps
43
Isometric contractions
| Example
Where the muscle stays at the same length- starting position for a sprinter
44
Isotonic contraction
Occur when the muscle changes length when it contracts causing a movement of a body part
45
Concentric isotonic contractions
Occur when the muscles shortens as it contracts
| Any movement that is moving upwards is concentric
46
Eccentric isotonic contractions
Occur when the muscle lengthens as it contracts
| Any movement that is moving downwards is eccentric
47
Mouth or nose
External openings to the respiratory system
48
Trachea
Inner surfaces is covered with cilia -thin film that catches dust particles
Kept open by rings of cartilage
49
Bronchi
Two- go into left and right lung
50
Lungs
Large and spongy
| Optimised for gas exchange
51
Bronchioles
Very narrow - less than 1mm thick
52
Alveoli
Lots of them branching off bronchioles
| Many air sacs for gas exchange
53
Features of alveoli- very small but lots of them
Large surface area for gas exchange
54
Features of alveoli- layer of moisture in the walls
Makes gas exchange more efficient
55
Features of alveoli- walls of alveoli and capillaries are thin
Short diffusion pathway
56
Features of alveoli- surrounded by a network of capillaries
Rich and large supply of blood allows more gas exchange to happen
57
Gas exchange
The process of diffusion where oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged into the blood and lungs
58
Oxygen - concentration gradient
High concentration comes from the air to the alveoli and to a low concentration in the blood
59
Carbon dioxide - concentration book
High concentration in the blood from working muscles to a low concentration in the alveoli
60
Haemoglobin
A protein and red pigment found in red blood cells that transports round oxygen and carbon dioxide
61
Oxyhemoglobin
When oxygen diffuses into red blood cells it combines to haemoglobin making haemoglobin
62
Gaseous exchange - 1
Oxygen breathed goes to alveoli and into the red blood cells in capillary
63
Gaseous exchange- 2
Oxygen combines to make oxyhemoglobin and is carried round the body
64
Gaseous exchange 3
At the same time, haemoglobin carries carbon dioxide from body to capillaries
65
Gaseous exchange 4
Carbon dioxide passes through alveoli and is breathed out
66
Inspiration - at rest
Diaphragm-contracts which cause it to flatten
Intercostal muscles - contract causing the ribs to lift upwards and outwards
Chest cavity - increases in size which causes the air pressure to reduce and causes air to be sucked into lungs
67
Expiration - at rest
Expulsion of air from lungs caused by reducing volume of chest cavity
Diaphragm - relaxes causing it to turn into its normal shape
Intercostal - relax lowering the ribs and making the chest cavity smaller
-causes an increase in the pressure of air in the lungs which forces the air out
68
Inspiration - during exercise
Sternocleidomastoid and pectorals - contract and help to raise the sternum
Chest cavity - increases in size which allows the lungs to expand to allow more air in
69
Expiration - during exercise
Abdominal - contract and pull the rib cage down
| This helps force the air out of the lungs to speed up expiration
70
Inspiratory reserve volume
Amount of extra air that can be inspired during a deep breath
71
Tidal volume
The amount of air taken in or out with each breath
72
Residual volume
Amount of air left in lungs after maximal expiration
73
Expiratory reserve volume
Amount of extra air that can be expired during forceful breath out
74
Vital capacity
The maximum amount of air a person can expel from the lungs after a maximum inhalation
75
Tidal volume - exercise
Increases as you take deeper breaths in and out
| Peaks are high, dips are low
76
Breathing rate- exercise
Increases as you take more breaths per minute
| Peaks are closer together
77
Arteries
```
Thick muscle
Small lumen
Carries red oxygenated blood
Has a pulse
Stretches as blood surges
```
78
Veins
```
Thick walls and muscle
Large lumen
No stretch, no pulse
Valve for the heart
Carries deoxygenated blood
```
79
Capillaries
Thin walls
Link arteries and veins
Diffusion - gas exchange
Very narrow
80
Vasodilation
Increasing the diameter of an artery to increase blood flow to working muscle
81
Vasoconstriction
Decreasing the diameter of an artery to decrease blood flow to non essential areas of the body
82
Diastole -what is the heart doing?
| Oxy and deoxy
The heart is filling with blood - relaxing
Atria and ventricles reflex and valves are open
Deoxygenated blood flows into the right atrium
Oxygenated blood flows into the left atrium
83
Systole - what is the heart doing?
| What happens during this process?
The heart emptying - the heart is contracting
Right atrioventricular valve is forced closed - prevents backflow
RV contracts and forces blood out by pulmonary artery -lungs
LA empties into LV
LeftATV is forced closed - LV contracts forces blood out into aorta -body
84
Heart rate
The number of beats per minute
85
Cardiac output
The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle if the heart per minute
86
Stroke volume
The amount of blood pumped out if the left ventricle per beat
87
Cardiac output equation
Cardiac output = stoke volume x heart rate
88
What happens to the heart rate, stroke volume and cardiac output when you start to exercise?
Cardiac output increases because an increase in the heart rate causes an increase in the volume of blood released into the body
89
What happens to your heart rate as you stop exercise?
Heart rate remains elevated and reduced slowly to allow recovery to take place
90
Aerobic exercise
Relies on energy produced in the presence of oxygen
91
Aerobic exercise is different to anaerobic exercise because ...
Aerobic exercise can be maintained for a long period of time
| 60-80% of maximal heart rate is your aerobic training zone
92
Who would use aerobic respiration?
Marathon runner, endurance cyclist
93
Aerobic respiration equation
Glucose + oxygen — carbon dioxide + water
94
Anaerobic exercise
Producing energy with the absence of oxygen during high intensity, short burst exercise
80-90% of maximal heart rate is your anaerobic training zone
95
Anaerobic equation
Glucose — energy + lactic acid
96
Who would use anaerobic exercise?
100m spring
| Counter attack in football, basketball, hockey
97
What is oxygen debt?
Oxygen debt is the temporary oxygen short in the body due to strenuous exercise
98
What is epoc?
Amount of oxygen needed to recover after exercise
It is characterised by an increased breathing rate and deeper breathing
Epoc replenishes the body with oxygen
The lactic acid is converted into glucose, water and carbon dioxide
99
Anaerobic epoc?
More lactic acid produced
More oxygen debt to repay
Takes longer to get rid of lactic acid
100
What is a cool down?
It helps maintain a increased breathing rate and blood flow
Helps decrease the body temp and remove lactic acid
Assist the recovery as extra oxygen is required for the body to return to its ore exercise state
101
Advantages of of a cool down
```
Reduces delayed onset muscle soreness
Stops dizziness
Easy to complete
No equipment
Aids clearing of waste products
```
102
Stretching
A thorough full body stretch will aid the removal of lactic acid and reduces stiffness and soreness left post exercise
103
Stretching advantages
Reduces Dom’s
Easy to complete
No equipment
Aids the clearing of the waste products
104
Stretching disadvantages
Boring
| Make sure you don’t over stretch
105
Drinking water
Water and electrolyte balance should be restored after exercise
Water is responsible for transporting nutrients, hormones and waste products around the body
106
Rehydration and glycogen stores replenished
Eating a high carbohydrates meal will speed up the glycogen replacement and replenish energy stores.
107
Advantages of drinking water
Replaces electrolytes and glucose very easily
108
Disadvantages of drinking water
Can cause weight gain if strenuous exercise has not taken place
109
Ice baths
Get into it for 20mins - the cold water causes the blood vessels to vasoconstrict to tighten and drain the blood out of the legs
110
Advantages of ice baths
Simplistic and quick
| Large group of muscles submerged at one time
111
Ice baths disadvantages
Not nice to do - cold
May not be easily available
Achieve the same results by doing a cool down or stretching
112
Immediate effects of exercise - hot and sweaty
Red skin is a sign the body makes to the reaction of exercise
It helps us to regulate our core temp by cooling us down
Sweat evaporates off the skin and vasodilation occurs for heat to be lost through radiation
113
Immediate effects of exercise - heart rate
Increased heart rate - beats with a greater force - increases stroke volume
Muscles require more oxygen to continue to work effectively
114
Immediate effects of exercise - increase in depth and frequency of breathing
Cause an increase in breathing - tidal volume
| This allows more gaseous exchange to occur
115
Short term effects of exercise - 24hrs -36hrs
Tiredness and fatigue
116
Short term effects of exercise - light headedness
Feeling faint or dizzy which is normally due to over exertion
Often a person blood sugar levels and blood pressure will have dropped
117
Short term effects of exercise - nausea
Feeling sick or vomiting which could occur during and after exercise
Main cause is over exertion during exercise or stopping quickly- heavy exercise causes blood to be taken away from the stomach which causes nausea
118
Short term effects of exercise - Dom’s
As a result individuals may experience tender and painful muscles
Muscle soreness is a result of structural tears to the muscle fibres - allows muscles to repair stronger
119
Short term effects of exercise - cramp
Involuntary and painful contractions of the muscles from fatigue or strain of the muscle fibres - dehydration - loss of mineral from sweating
120
Long term effects of exercise - hypertrophy
Increase the size of the heart - the cardiac muscle in a trained athlete is larger and stronger - each beat forces out a larger amount of blood than a normal heart - Hypertrophy
121
Long term effect of exercise - bradycardia
Decreased resting heart rate
| Increase heart size means it takes less beats per minute to supply the body with enough oxygen at rest
122
Long term effects of exercise - improvements to components of fitness
Improvements to muscular strength, endurance , speed, cardiovascular endurance and stamina all take months to develop
123
Long term effects of exercise - body adaptions
Improved body shape
Increased muscular endurance due to increased number of mitochondria
Improved suppleness
Increased size and strength of muscles - hypertrophy
