Applied anatomy and physiology - key terms

Question 1

Musculoskeletal system

Answer 1

the muscular and skeletal system working together.

Question 2

Adrenaline

Answer 2

Natural hormone released to speed heart rate up

Question 3

Aerobic exercise

Answer 3

working at a low to moderate intensity so that the body has time to use oxygen for energy production and can work for a long period of time.

Question 4

Intensity

Answer 4

the amount of energy needed to complete an activity. Working at a high intensity requires a large amount of energy. Working at a low intensity requires less energy

Question 5

Anaerobic exercise

Answer 5

working for short periods of time at a high intensity without oxygen for energy production.

Question 6

Lactic acid

Answer 6

a mild poison and waste product of anaerobic respiration.

Question 7

Excess post-exercise oxygen consumption - EPOC

Answer 7

the amount of oxygen needed to recover after exercise. It is characterised by an increased breating rate and deeper breathing after exercise.

Question 8

Articulating bones

Answer 8

bones that meet at a joint to enable movement

Question 9

Synovial joint

Answer 9

an area of the body where two or more articulating bones meet.

Question 10

Bursae

Answer 10

a sac filled with liquid, floating inside the joint, to reduce friction between tendon and bone

Question 11

Joint capsule

Answer 11

tissue that stops synovial fluid from escaping and encloses, supports and holds the bones together.

Question 12

Synovial membrane

Answer 12

the lining inside the joint that secretes synovial fluid.

Question 13

Ligaments

Answer 13

bands of elastic fibre that attach bone to bone, keeping the joints stable by restricting movement.

Question 14

Synovial fluid

Answer 14

a clear and slippery liquid that lubricates the joint, and stops the bones rubbing together.

Question 15

Cartilage

Answer 15

a tough but flexible tissue that acts as a buffer between the bones, preventing bones rubbing together and causing friction.

Question 16

Tendon

Answer 16

connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. Its role is to transfer the effort created by a contracting muscle to the bone, resulting in the movement of that bone.
Strong, non-elastic cords that join muscle to bone.

Question 17

Prime mover (agonist)

Answer 17

the muscle or group of muscles that contract to create movement. The prime mover works in an antagonistic pair with the antagonist.

Question 18

Antagonist

Answer 18

the muscle or group of muscles that relax to allow a movement to take place. The antagonist works in an antagonistic pair with the agonist.

Question 19

Isotonic contraction

Answer 19

a muscle contraction where the muscle changes in length when it contracts, resulting in movement.

Question 20

Concentric muscle contraction

Answer 20

when the muscle contracts and shortens

Question 21

Eccentric isotonic contraction

Answer 21

when the muscle contracts and lengthens

Question 22

Isometric contraction

Answer 22

a muscle contraction where the length of the muscle does not change when it contracts. There is no limb movement as a result

Question 23

Gaseous exchange

Answer 23

the process where oxygen from the air in the alveoli moves into the blood in the capillaries, while carbon dioxide moves from the blood in the capillaries into air in the alveoli.

Question 24

Haemoglobin

Answer 24

the protein found in red blood cells that transports oxygen (as oxyhaemoglobin) and carbon dioxide around the body.

Question 25

Oxyhaemoglobin

Answer 25

a chemical formed when haemoglobin bonds to oxygen.

Question 26

Alveoli

Answer 26

small air sacs in the lungs where gaseous exchange takes place.

Question 27

Capillaries

Answer 27

a network of microscopic blood vessels. They are only one cell thick.

Question 28

Diffusion pathway

Answer 28

the distance travelled during diffusion. The diffusion pathway is short in gaseous exchange.

Question 29

Inhalation / inspiration

Answer 29

the process of breathing in

Question 30

Exhalation / expiration

Answer 30

the process of breathing out

Question 31

Expiratory reserve volume

Answer 31

the amount of air that can be forced out after tidal volume (after a normal expiration). Decreases during exercise.

Question 32

Inspiratory reserve volume

Answer 32

the amount of air that can be forced in after tidal volume. Decreases during exercise.

Question 33

Residual volume

Answer 33

the amount of air that remains in the lungs after maximal expiration. No change during exercise.

Question 34

Tidal volume

Answer 34

the normal amount of air inhaled or exhaled per breath. Increases with exercise.

Question 35

Vital capacity

Answer 35

the largest volume of air that can be forcibly expired after the deepest possible inspiration.

Question 36

Pulse

Answer 36

the rhythmic throbbing that you can feel as your arteries pump blood around the body. Can measure hr using pulse.

Question 37

Backflow

Answer 37

the flowing backwards of blood. Valves prevent this in veins,.

Question 38

Diastole

Answer 38

the phase of the heartbeat when chambers of heart relax and fill with blood.

Question 39

Systole

Answer 39

the phase of the heartbeat when the chambers of the heart contract and empty of blood; when blood is ejected from the heart.

Question 40

Cardiac cycle

Answer 40

one cycle of diastole and systole.

Question 41

Blood pressure

Answer 41

the pressure that blood is under. Systolic reading measures bp when heart contracts, diastolic measures bp when heart relaxes.

Question 42

Vasoconstriction

Answer 42

the narrowing of the internal diameter of a blood vessel to decrease blood flow.

Question 43

Vasodilation

Answer 43

the widening of the internal diameter of a blood vessel to increase blood flow. Increases oxygen supply.

Question 44

Stroke volume (SV)

Answer 44

volume of blood pumped out of the heart by each ventricle during one contraction.

Question 45

Cardiac output (Q)

Answer 45

volume of blood ejected from the heart in one minute. | Q = SV X HR

Question 46

Fatigue

Answer 46

a feeling of extreme or severe tiredness due to a build-up of lactic acid in the muscles or working for a long period of time.