Applied Anatomy and Physiology (pg 6-20) Flashcards
(86 cards)
1
Q
Cranium
A
Your head (skull)
2
Q
Clavicle
A
Your collarbone (to the side of your neck)
3
Q
Scapula
A
Your shoulder blades (sits beside the rib cage)
4
Q
Sternum
A
Breast bone (front and middle of rib cage)
5
Q
Ribs
A
(Rib cage) protects your heart.
6
Q
Spine
A
Backbone (runs along your whole back)
7
Q
Humerus
A
(Upper arm) funny bone.
8
Q
Ulna
A
(Forearm) bone closer to the inside of your body (thick)
9
Q
Radius
A
(Forearm) bone further away from your body (thin)
10
Q
Pelvic girdle
A
Pelvis, hips
11
Q
Carpals (hand)
A
(Wrist bone)
12
Q
Metacarpals
A
Hand bone
13
Q
Phalanges
A
Fingers
14
Q
Femur
A
Thigh bone
15
Q
Tibia
A
Shine bone, thick, towards inside
16
Q
Fibula
A
Calf bone, thin, towards outside.
17
Q
Patella
A
Knee cap
18
Q
Tarsals
A
Ankle bones
19
Q
Metatarsals
A
Foot bone
20
Q
Phalanges
A
Toe bones
21
Q
The vertebral column
A
C-Cervical vertabrae (7)
T-Thoraic vertabrae (12)
L-Lumbar vertebrae (5)
S-Sacrum
C-Coccyx
22
Q
Functions of the skeletal system
A
Support- skeleton supports the body. Fe. A backbone enables us to stay upright
Movement - The skeleton has joints where tendons join muscle to bone, enables us to move
Protection- skeleton helps to protect delicate internal organs from injury
Blood production - blood cells produced in bone marrow, red cells transport oxygen and white protect the body.
Mineral storage- important minerals such as calcium and phosphorous, are stored in the body.
23
Q
Long bones
A
Help translate the force generated by the skeletal muscle into mechanical leverage (movement), eg femur.
24
Q
Flat bones
A
Help protect the body’s internal organs and with muscle attachment, eg.cranium and sternum.
25
Short bones
Help and provide support and stability with little movements (weight bearing) eg. Carpals and tarsals.
26
Irregular bones
Do not fall into any category but generally help with protection and support eg.vertebrae.
27
Ligaments
Connect bone to bone (keep joints stable)
28
Synovial fluid
Reduces friction at joints, allowing them to move freely
29
Tendons
Connect muscle to bone, allow movement.
30
Hinge joint
Provides movement in one plane for flexion and extension. Fe, flexion and extension at elbow when performing a pull up.
31
Pivot
Provides rotatory movement around a single axis for rotation. Fe, enables rotation of the neck when taking a breath whilst swimming.
32
Ball and socket
Provides 360° rotation and movement in all planes for flexion, extension, adduction abduction and rotation. Fe, enables rotation at the hip when hurdling.
33
Condyloid
Provides movement in two planes for flexion, extension, adduction and abduction. Fe. Enables extension and flexion at the wrist when dribbling (bouncing) a basketball.
34
Flexion
When angle at a joint decreases
35
Extension
When angle at a joint increases
36
Rotation
A turning or rotating movement around a single axis
37
Circumduction
The circular (conical) movement of a limb extending from the joint
38
Abduction
Movement away from the midline of the body
39
Adduction
Movement towards the midline of the body
40
Plantar-flexion
Movement at ankle joint that points the foot downwards away from the shin
41
Dorsi flexion
Movement at ankle joint that points the foot upwards towards the shin.
42
Cardiac muscles
Involuntarily controlled
Found in walls of the heart
Do not fatigue
43
Smooth muscles
Involuntarily controlled
Found in the walls of hollow organs such as the intestines
44
Skeletal muscles
Voluntarily controlled
Found throughout the body
Attached to bones by tendons
45
Antagonistic muscle pair in the arm
The bicep and tricep are antagonistic muscles that work together to bend and straighten the arm.
46
Antagonistic muscle pair in the leg
The hamstrings and quadracepts are antagonistic muscles that work together to bend and straighten the leg.
47
Isometric muscle contraction
There is no change in the joint angle and muscle length during isometric muscle contraction. eg, perfroming a plank.
48
Isotonic muscle contractions
Concentric- muscles shorten as muscle fibres contract
Eccentric- muscles lengthen as muscle fibres contract.
49
Type 1 - Slow twich muscle fibre
They have a slow contraction velocity
Very resistant to fatigue
Capable of repeated low level contraction by producing large amounts of ATP (Adenosine Triphosphate) through oxidative metabolic processes
Fe.Marathon Runner.
50
Fast Twitch - type IIA
Type IIA manufacture and split ATP at a fast rate by using both aerobic and anaerobic metabolism
Produce fast, strong muscle contractions
They are more prone to fatigue than type I fibres.
Fe. 800metre runner
51
Fast twitch - Type IIB
Produce ATP at a slow rate by anaerobic metabolism and break it down very quickly
This results in extremely fast muscle contractions to produce short, fast bursts of power and rapid fatigue. Fe, 100 metre runner.
52
Deltoid
Abduction of the arm at the shoulder
Fe. Bowling a cricket ball
53
Trapezius
Rotation of the scapula and supporting the arm
Fe. The butterfly stroke in swimming.
54
Tricep
Extension of the arm at the elbow
Fe. Throwing a javelin
55
Bicep
Flexion of the arm at the elbow joint
Fe. Pulling the paddle when kayaking
56
Pectoralis major
Responsible for movement around the shoulder joint
Fe. A chest pass in netball
57
Latissimus Dorsi
Responsible for movement at the shoulder and lateral flexion of the spine
Fe, pulling the oars when rowing.
58
External obliques
Lateral flexion and rotation of the trunk at the waist
Fe. Preparing to throw a discuss
59
Gluteal muscles
Responsible for movement of the leg around the hip
Fe, pushing your feet off the ground when sprinting
60
Hip flexors
Flexion of the leg at the hip
Fe.driving out the blocks at the start of a sprint
61
Hamstring
Flexion of leg at the knee joint
Fe. Lifting your leg to kick a football
62
Abdominals
Flexion of the trunk and assisting with breathing
Fe. A pike hold in gymnastics
63
Gastrocnemius
Flexion of foot at the ankle joint and the leg of the knee joint
Fe, taking off when performing a high jump
64
Quadriceps
Extension of leg at the knee joint
Fe, Pushing the pedals when cycling
65
Tibialis Anterior
Dorsi flexion at the ankle
Fe.lifting of toes from the ground when walking or running
66
Total Lung Capacity
The volume of air contained in the lungs at the end of maximal inspiration.
67
Tidal Volume
The amount of air normally inhaled and exhaled per breath
68
Vital Capacity
The maximum volume of air exhaled after the lungs have been filled to capacity
69
Aerobic respiration
Occurs in the presence of oxygen
Glucose+oxygen=energy+carbon dioxide+water
70
Inhaling %
21% Oxygen
0.04% Carbon Dioxide
71
Inhaling process
Chest volume increases as air is sucked into the lungs
Intercostal muscles contract to expand the rib cage
Diaphragm contracts and moves down
72
Gaseous Exhange
Takes place in the aleveoli, where oxygen diffuses from air to the blood and carbon dioxide diffuses from blood to the air.
73
Exhaling %
16% oxygen
4% carbon dioxide
74
Exhaling process
Chest volume decreases as air is forced out of the lungs
Intercostal muscles relax to reduce chest volume
Diaphragm relaxes and moves up
75
Heart rate
The number of times the heart beats per minute
76
Stroke Volume
The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in one contraction
77
Cardiac Output
The amount of blood pumped out of the left ventricle in one minute
78
The heart process
1) deoxygenated blood from body is carried by vena cava into right atrium
2)right atrium contracts, pushing blood through tricuspid valve into right ventricle
3)right ventricle contracts, pushing blood through the semi lunar valve into pulmonary artery
4)blood travels to the lungs, where carbon dioxide is exchanged for oxygen from the air.
5)oxygenated blood from the lungs is carried by pulmonary veins into the left atrium
6)left atrium contracts, pushing blood through bicuspid valve into the left ventricle
7)left ventricle contracts, pushing blood through aortic semilunar valve into the aorts
8)aorta delivers oxygenated blood to the body, where it is used for energy production
79
Arteries (features)
Carry oxygenated blood (except pulmonary artery) at high pressure from the heart to the body.
Features:
Thick walls
Narrow channels (maintain high pressure)
80
Veins
Carry deoxygenated blood (except pulmonary veins) at low pressure, from body to the heart
Features:
Valves to prevent backflow
Thin walls
Wide channels to ease the flow of blood
81
Capillaries
Allow exhange of materials between tissue and blood.
Features:
Walls only one cell thick
Have channels the width of one blood cell, which distort the cells and aid gaseous exchange
82
Plasma
The fluid part of the blood that carries other components throughout the body
83
Plateletes
Tiny cell fragments that clump together to help blood clot and stop bleeding
84
Red blood cells
Transport oxygen from the lungs to the bodys cells, and carbon dioxide from cells to the lungs
Contains haemoglobin which stores oxygen and carbon dioxide
85
White blood cells
Produce antibodies to fight against infectious diseases
86
Functions of blood during excercise
Transport water and nutrients throughout the body
Delivers oxygen to working muscles
Removes waste, including carbon dioxide
Removes heat (temperature regulation)
Dilutes or carries away lactic acid
