Applied Anatomy and Psiology Flashcards
(47 cards)
1
Q
What are the 5 functions of the skeletal system?
A
- Blood cell production
- Muscle attachment
- Mineral storage
- Joints for movement
- Protection of vital organs
2
Q
What is blood cell reproduction?
A
- Red and white blood cells and platelets are produced in the bone marrow.
- Red blood cells carry oxygen to working muscles
- White blood cells fight infection
- Platelets help blood to clot.
3
Q
What is mineral storage?
A
- Calcium and phosphorus stored within the bones
- Minerals essential for vital body functions like strong teeth and bones
- Calcium involved in muscular contractions
4
Q
What are joints for movement?
A
- A joint is a point where two or more bones meet to allow movement to take place
- Joints and their movements are crucial in performance of activities
5
Q
What is protection of vital organs?
A
- Many bones act as soft, rigid shell
- They protect vital organs and the central nervous system which are easily damaged
- Crucial for performance and long term health
6
Q
What is muscle attachment?
A
- Bones provide a surface for muscles to attach to via tendons
- Bones act as anchors that muscles can pull on as they move
7
Q
What are the 4 different kinds of bones?
A
- Long bones
- Short bones
- Flat bones
- Irregular bones
8
Q
What are long bones?
A
- Longer than they are wide
- Shaft plus 2 ends
- Vital to generate movement, speed and strength
- Act as levers that allow the body to move
E.g. tibia, fibula, femur
9
Q
What are short bones?
A
- Same size in width, length and thickness
- Only 2 short bones in the body
- Vital for weight lifting, shock absorption and spreading heavy loads.
E.g. carpals and tarsals
10
Q
What are flat bones?
A
- Protect vital organs
- Good surface area for muscles to attach to
- Key in contact sports like rugby
E.g. scapula, ribs, cranium
11
Q
What are irregular bones?
A
- Special shape to protect
- Lots of attachment points for muscles
E.g. vertebrae bones protect spinal cord
12
Q
What are the top 2 bones on the spinal cord called? What do they do?
A
- Atlas (supports the head and allows us to nod)
- Axis (allows us to shake our head)
13
Q
What are the 5 sections of the spinal cord called? How many of each are there?
A
- Cervical vertebrae (x7)
- Thoracic vertebrae (x12)
- Lumbar vertebrae (x5)
- Sacrum vertebrae (x5 fused)
- Coccyx vertebrae (x4 fused)
14
Q
What is a joint and what do they do?
A
- A place where two or more bones meet
- Joints allow movement that varies from joint to joint
15
Q
What are the 4 different types of joints?
A
- Hinge
- Ball and socket
- Pivot
- Condyloid
16
Q
What is a hinge joint?
A
- A joint that can go backwards and forward (like a hinge on a door)
E.g. elbow, knee, ankle
17
Q
What is a ball and socket joint?
A
- The rounded head of a long bone (the ball) fits into a cup-shaped
hole (the socket) - Can go in all directions as well as rotate
E.g. shoulder, hip
18
Q
What is a pivot joint?
A
- One bone shaped like a cylinder rotates inside another bone
that makes a ring around it - Allow bones to rotate
E.g. arm, neck
19
Q
What is a condyloid joint?
A
- Similar to a ball and socket but the ball rests against the end
of a bone rather than inside a socket - Allow circular motion
20
Q
What are the 8 different types of movements at joints?
A
- Flexion
- Extension
- Circumduction
- Adduction
- Abduction
- Dorsiflexion
- Plantarflexion
- Rotation
21
Q
What is flexion? Where can it be seen? What are some examples?
A
- A bending movement that decreases the angle between body parts
- Elbow, knee
E.g. bicep curl (elbow)
22
Q
What is extension? Where can it be seen? What are some examples?
A
- A straightening movement that increases the angle between body parts
- Elbow, knee
E.g. following through a shot in netball (elbow)
23
Q
What is circumduction? Where can it be seen? What are some examples?
A
- A cone-shaped movement of a limb that includes flexion,
extension, adduction and abduction - Shoulder, wrist and ankle
- Cricketer bowling a ball (shoulder)
24
Q
What is rotation? Where can it be seen? What are some examples?
A
- Movement that occurs around a single axis or pivot point.
- Hip, neck
- Moving through a golf swing (hip)
25
What is plantar flexion? Where can it be seen? What are some examples?
- Downwards motion of the foot which increases the angle at the ankle
- Ankle
E.g. ballet dancer dancing en pointe (ankle)
26
What is plantar flexion? Where can it be seen? What are some examples?
- Upwards motion of the foot which decreases the angle at the
ankle and brings the toes closer to the shin.
- Ankle
-A hurdler with the heel of her lead leg over the hurdle (ankle)
27
What is abduction? Where can it be seen? What are some examples?
- Movement of a limb that pulls away from the midline of the body
- Shoulder, hip
- A sidekick in karate (hip)
28
What is adduction? Where can it be seen? What are some examples?
- Movement of a limb that pulls towards the midline of the body
- Hip, shoulder
- A football taking a free kick follows through to bring their leg a cross the body
29
What is a ligament?
Connective tissue that attaches bone to bone at joints. Its role is to prevent dislocation.
30
What is tendon?
Connective tissue that attaches muscle to bone. Its role is to transfer the effort created by a contracting muscle to the bone, resulting in the movement of that bone.
31
What are the 3 different types of muscles?
- Cardiac
- Involuntary
- Voluntary (skeletal)
32
What is the cardiac muscle and where is it found?
- Involuntary
- Internal electrical pulses
- Moves blood around the body
- The blood transports oxygen and removes waste products
- Found in the heart
33
What are involuntary muscles and where are they found?
-
33
What are involuntary muscles and where are they found?
- Involuntary
- Blood vessels constrict and dilate to perform the vascular shunt mechanism
- Good for digestion and excretion of waste
- Smooth muscle found in digestive system and blood vessels
34
What are voluntary muscles and where are they found?
- Voluntary
- Create movement
- Involved in skeletal movement
35
What is muscle action?
- Muscles work in pairs
- Muscles can only pull
- Some muscles are arranged in pairs (antagonistic pairs)
36
What is an agonist and antagonistic muscle?
Agonist - contracts
| Antagonist - relaxes
37
What are the 4 key muscle pairs?
- Biceps and triceps
- Quadriceps and hamstring
- Gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior
- Hip flexors and gluteus maximus
38
What do the biceps and triceps do?
- Flexion and extension at the elbow joint
39
What do the quadriceps and hamstrings do?
- Flexion and extension at the knee
40
What does the gastrocnemius and tibialis anterior do?
- Plantarflexion and dorsiflexion at the ankle
41
What do the hip flexors and gluteus maximus do?
- Flexion and extension at the knee
42
What is muscle fibre?
The name given to the cells that make up your muscle.
43
What are the 3 different types of muscle fibres?
- Type 1 (slow twitch)
- Type 11a (fast oxidative glycolytic)
- Type 11x (fast glyoclytic)
44
What are the key features of type 1 muscle fibres?
- Red in colour
- Slower rate of force production
- Big mitochondria
- Lots of capillaries
- Lots of myoglobin
- Resistant to fatigue
- Better suited to using oxygen
45
What are the key feature of type 11x muscle fibres?
- White in colour
- Rapid rate of force production
- Few myoglobin
- Less mitochondria
- Few capillaries
- Fatigues quickly
46
What are the key features of type 11a muscle fibres?
- Pink in colour
- Aerobic and anaerobic
- Fast force production
- Many capillaries
- Lots of mitochondria
- Lots of myoglobin
- Fatigue resistant
