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ANTH 452- Applied Ballistics > Applied Ballistics > Flashcards

Applied Ballistics Flashcards

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1
Q

Entrance wounds have

A

endocranial bevelling

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2
Q

Exits wounds have

A

ectocranial bevelling

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3
Q

What are bone chips?

A

A small chip or chipping on an entrance point that occurs at entrance. Can be mistaken for exit wounds

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4
Q

How does double bevelling happen?

A

Hard pressure of gun pressed to a head and causes double entrance bevelling. Gas causes it. Spinning may also, or backwards release of pressure.

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5
Q

Where is double bevelling only found?

A

Entrance wounds

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6
Q

What bones wont show bevelling well or at all?

A

Thinner bones (temporals, orbital etc)

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7
Q

What gives bone some elasticity?

A

Periosteum

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8
Q

What natural bone feature can be mistaken for bevelling?

A

natural formen. They are smooth and no trabecular bone seen.

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9
Q

What are the two common exit wounds?

A

round or oval. Mostly irregular from yaw

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10
Q

What is bigger, exit or entrance?

A

Exit

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11
Q

What causes the larger exit woulds?

A

usually yawing or tunbling

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12
Q

What are the two secondary fractures?

A

radiating and concentric

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13
Q

What are the determinants of secondary skull fractures?

A

kinetic energy and distance from muzzle to target

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14
Q

What are some examples of secondary fractures being dependent on?

A

intracranial pressure, bone thickness, density, morphology, sutures formina etc

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15
Q

Bone is being ____ on impact side and _____ on opposite side

A

compressed, distracted (tension)

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16
Q

How are secondary fractures formed from bullet brain interactions?

A

emporary cavity being formed and increased pressure against endocranium. cavitation.

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17
Q

What does brain cavitation causing secondary fractures depend on?

A

range of discharge and KE of bullet.

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18
Q

Where is the most common site for secndary fracture?

A

orbital plates

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19
Q

When are secondary fractures common?

A

hard contact wounds (gun pressed to head). increase intracranial pressure bu temporary cavity

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20
Q

Distant wounds causing secondary fractures are cause by?

A

cavitation, NOT gases

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21
Q

What is the size of the temp cavity dependent on?

A

amount of KE lost by bullet and tissue shedding

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22
Q

What is created first in secondary fracturing?

A

radial then concentric

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23
Q

Speed of fracture is faster than bullet in some cases?

A

yeye dawg

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24
Q

What stress causes concenttic?

A

tension on the inner table and proceed externally. The shearing force may bevel outward

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25
When the brain absorbs the bullet KE, what happens?
the KE blows out plates of plates of bone by the expanding of brain tissue.
26
What is refective of the amount of KE
More generations of concentric fractures
27
If radial fratcure beats bullet, what does the exit wound look like?
its like a half circle becuase it absorbs some of the KE
28
If signficant KE at exit?
There may be radiating fractures at the exit site that stop at the entrance concentric or radial fracture lines
29
Radial fractures are longer and more generations of concentric in entrance or exit?
entrance
30
Blunt vs ballistic?
blunt force bone in, ballistic force bone out. Opposite bevelling
31
Tangential has what shape and at what angle?
keyhole <<90
32
Tangential may cause what
scuffing/scratching, gutter wounds, superficial penetrating and keyhole wounds
33
What are the three gutter wounds?
1- barely nick the ectocranium 2- reach diploe and some fracturing 3- all three layer impacted but no brain contact. there is fratcuring and shattering
34
What are superficial penetrating wounds?
very shallow with formal entrance and exit. common in sucide attempts
35
Raised bone (fractures) on key hole is _____ to direction of travel?
anterior. the chip could peace
36
When are irregular wound entrances found?
When the bullet has been deformed (either designed or by external contact etc). Yaw and tumbling. fragmentation.
37
When are irregular wound exits found?
internal richoet, bullet deformity, tangential mpact pre existing fractures or radial fracture. sometimes if FMJ are high enough energy they will cause a huge hole
38
What is a difference between secondary fracturing in long bne ans skull?
Long bones secondary may happen so quite on thinner bones that it shatters bone prior to exit
39
What makes exit wounds in long bones unrecognizable?
antecedent fragmentation
40
What kind of factures can be formed from a long bone bullet wound?
butterfly fractures
41
What happens in small bones?
they usually shatter completely and are unrecognizable
42
What type of examination may revial presence of metal?
radiographic exams
43
Why are kid bones hard to identify exit and entrance wounds?
the bones are so thin
44
What is a bullet wipe?
a coating a bullet gets by travelling through the bore of a gun froma variety of elements. Rubbed off onto skin or clothing
45
What are lead wipes?
Lead deposits left on entrance and exits wounds
46
What reduces terminal velocity?
long trajectory, intermediate targets, rocochet and energy dissipation in tissue
47
What happens to teeth>
sharp-edged entance and bevelling on exits
48
Alteration of entrance and exit wounds?
surgical intervention, incomplete recovery, animal gnawing, severe weather, close wounds impringing on each other
49
Sequencing of fractures approach
define in order: entrance, exit, radaiting, concentric then trace radiating fractur line from entrance or exit to its end. follow puppes rule
50
What are indirect cerebral injuries?
cranial injurt with no contact from energy dissipatin for a wound site (ex at petrous temporal)
51
Bullet calibre and wound size? Why?
no direct linear relationship b/w bullet calibre and wound size due to yawing and fragmentation, sutures etc
52
Joint positioning?
Deduce direction of wound from allignment of injuries in jointed bones
53
What is a souvenir bone?
Find bullet embedded in bone in a nonvital area and the person lives their life.
54
to injure bone:
direct bullet bone contact, or indirectly through cavitation
55
what is bullet lodgement?
where the bullet ended up
56
GSWs can be
1) glancing off 2) fracturing 3) penetrating 4) perforating
57
scalp penetration
scalp will impact, usually low velocity and slide a short distance
58
if penetrate but not perforate skull?
penetrate one side but leave only a plastic change on the other side where exit would occur
59
what increases liklihood of perforation
larger calibre and FMJ and close up and more gun powder and thinner bones
60
richocet external vs internal?
external, outside body | internal, inside the body like on a bone
61
internal skull richocet?
usually will hit the other side of the skull and just follow the flow of the skull perimeter
62
primary and secondary fractures?
primary- plug and spall | secondary- radiating and concentric fracturs
63
plug vs spall?
plu- bone directly from the nose of the bullet | spall- produces the bevelling
64
High energy vs low energy
low energy- just plug and spall | high energy- causes the secondary fracturing
65
WHat are the 4 bullet wound shapes?
1) round 2) oval 3) keyhole 4) irregular
66
which would shapes are commonly found in entrance vs exit wounds?
entrance (round, oval, keyhole) | exit (oval, keyhole. irregular)
67
bevel
a slanted or sloping edge
68
why is bevelling important
primary indicator of bullet direction

ANTH 452- Applied Ballistics (6 decks)

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