Applied Dx

Question 1

Non-regenerative anemia ddx (8)

Answer 1

1. Pre-regenerative (caught early)
2. Chronic renal disease (injured kidneys can’t release erythropoietin to signal bone marrow)
3. Inflammation (inflammatory cytokines suppress erythropoiesis + shorten erythrocyte survival in blood)
4. Bone marrow diease (aplastic anemia)
5. Hypothyroidism (low TSH impairs erythropoiesis)
6. Hypoadrenocorticism (low glucocorticoids impairs erythropoiesis)
7. Absolute Iron deficiency (chronic ext. hemorrhage -> Hgb can’t be produced)
8. IMHA (RBC precursors in bone marrow attacked)

Question 2

Neutrophilia ddx (5)

Answer 2

1. Inflammation
2. Stress
3. Physiologic
4. Chronic leukemia
5. Paraneoplastic

Chronic leukemia: causes persistent increase in neutrophils

Paraneoplastic: tumor causes increase in neutrophils

Question 3

Monocytosis ddx (3)

Answer 3

1. Inflammation
2. Stress
3. Acute or chronic leukemia

Monocyte

Monocytes: Primarily responsible for patrolling the body and identifying potential pathogens. They engulf and destroy bacteria, viruses, and other harmful substance

Question 4

Thrombocytosis ddx (4)

Answer 4

1. 1ºThrombocytosis/Essential thrombocythemia (myeloproliferative disorder)
2. Splenic contracion/splenectomy (spleen stores and filters PLTs- exercise, excitement/dress; reactive thrombocytosis)
3. Inflammation (reactive)
4. Iron deficiency (reactive)

The fundamental causes responsible for thrombocytosis in dogs are:
- a temporary response to epinephrine release.
- a reaction to a disorder or disease in another part of the body.
- a sign of an underlying disease in the bone marrow.

Splenectomy: Thrombocytosis can occur through several mechanisms after splenectomy, including reactive thrombocytosis, loss of blood storage function of the spleen, and increased life span of platelets [6,8]. Splenectomy results in reactive thrombocytosis [14]. Unlike myeloproliferative disorders, more platelets are produced in the bone marrow in response to hemorrhage, inflammation, and tumors. Moreover, loss of the ability to store blood and destroy platelets in the spleen leads to thrombocytosis

Question 5

Anemia of chronic disease pattern

Answer 5

mild, normocytic (MCV), normochromic (MCHC), non-regenerative (no reticulocytes)

Question 6

Lesion?

Answer 6

1. Lesion ADDED
2. Granulomatous rhinitis by Cryptococcus neoformans (cats)

Question 7

Pathophysiology and ID Lesion?

Answer 7

1. Osteoclast bone resorption of ethmoid turbinates -> turbinate atrophy
2. Atropic rhinitis (co-infection w/ B. bronchisepica and P. multocida) - swine

Question 8

Pathophysiology and ID Lesion?

Answer 8

Aspergillus fumigatus in dog causing fibrinonecrotizing rhinitis

Question 9

Pathophysiology and ID Lesion

Answer 9

Ethmoid hematoma (horse)
- benign tumor that can obstructs nasal passage

Question 10

FA/EQ herpesvirus causes what lesions in the upper resp system? (bovine herpes, equine herpes, avian herpes)

Answer 10

Fibrinonecrotic pharyngitis and tracheitis

Question 11

Fibrin (fibrinious) vs Fibrous (fibrosis)

Answer 11

Fibrin: Insoluble protein formed from fibrinogen during coagulation. Indicates acute inflammation. Easily broken off.

Fibrous: Aka collagen/scarring. Sturdy.

Fibrin creates the scaffold for fibroblasts to migrate to lesion and create firm collagen

Question 12

ID pneumonia distribution and lesion

Answer 12

Normal, healthy lungs

Question 13

ID pneumonia distribution and lesion

Answer 13

Suppurative bronchopneumonia; cranioventral and firm

Question 14

ID pneumonia distribution and lesion

Answer 14

Fibrinous bronchopneumonia; cranioventral and hard

Question 15

ID pneumonia distribution and lesion

Answer 15

Interstitial pneumonia; diffuse and elastic

Question 16

ID pneumonia distribution and lesion

Answer 16

Embolic pneumonia; multifocal and nodular

Question 17

ID pneumonia distribution and lesion

Answer 17

Granulomatous pneumonia; multifocal and nodular

Question 18

Of BRDC/shipping fever in cattle, what organism primarily invades the lungs? Wha is the lesion?

Answer 18

Mannheimia hemolytica -> fibrinous bronchopneumonia

Question 19

Ovine enzootic pneumonia causes what lesion?

Answer 19

Suppurative bronchopneumonia

Question 20

Lesions and etiology of suppurative bronchopneumonias

Answer 20

1. Cranioventral
2. Multifactorial etiologys, never just a single agent/factor
   - stress, humidity, crowsing, viral, bacterial

Question 21

What bacteria causes suppurative bronchopneumonia lesions in pigs atypical of normal pattern (cranioventral)?

Answer 21

Actinobacillus pleuropneumoniae - can cause caudoventral, cranioventral, and whole lung lesions

causes severe pleuropneumoniae in swine

Question 22

Glaeserella parasuis & Strep suis cause what lesion?

Answer 22

Fibrinous polyserositis
- starts as bronchopneumonia
- develops into pleural effusion, pericarditis, peritonitis

inflammation of multiple serous membranes

Question 23

Strepococcus equi ss zooepidemicus causes what type of pneumonia? What can trigger it and how can it be prevented?

Answer 23

• Causes suppurative bronchopneumonia that can progress into severe fibrinous pleuropneumonia
• Transport = #1 factor of pneumonia development in horses. Prevent by max. 5 hours of transport, then stop to walk horse around/let them sneeze.

Question 24

Fog Fever in cattle
- what lesions does it cause
- what causes it

Answer 24

• interstitial pneumonia: pulmonary edema and emphysema
• when cattle start eating lush grass in spring/summer that is high in tryptophan -> -> ROS produced in rumen

Question 25

OPP and CAE cause what type of pneumonia/what other lesions? | SR lentivirus

Answer 25

slowly progressive **interstitial pneumonia, encephalitis**, arthritis, mastitis

Question 26

What two porcine viruses cause interstitial pneumonia?

Answer 26

PRRSV and SIV ## Footnote porcine repro & resp syndrome virus swine influzena virus (orthomyxovirus)

Question 27

What causes granulomatous pneumonia in cattle? Where may lesions be more evident?

Answer 27

Mycobacterium bovis (bovine tuberculosis) - lesions may be more evident in the mediastinal and tracheal lnn.

Question 28

In horses, granulomatous pneumonia is mainly caused by what?

Answer 28

Rhodococcus equi ## Footnote Rhodococcus equi is a bacterium that lives in the soil and can cause pneumonia in young (1 to 6 months old) foals.

Question 29

In dogs and cats, fungal disease cause what type of pneumonia?

Answer 29

Granulomatous

Question 30

4 causes of congenital cardiovascular disorders

Answer 30

**1. Septal defect** -> atria v. ventricle; R v. L **2. Persistent right aortic arch** -> occlusion of esophagus **3. Patent ductus arteriosis** -> pulmonary hypertension **4. Stenosis** -> pulmonic v. subaortic

Question 31

3 neoplastic cardiovascular pathologies and their respective predilection sites

Answer 31

1. Hemangiosarcoma (spleen, heart, skin) 2. Chemodectoma (heart base) 3. Lymphoma (Heart, Uterus, Eyes, Lnn, Abomasum, Spinal cord) | chemodectoma = lighter/paler than hemangiosarcoma ## Footnote HSA: tend to be on right auricle!

Question 32

ID

Answer 32

Dilated Cardiomyopathy - Impaired systolic function (decr. contractility) leading to 2º eccentric enlargement (dilatation) of left or both ventricles

Question 33

HCM v. RCM

Answer 33

**HCM**: hypertrophied LV = stiff b/c fails to relax -> incr. end-diastolic pressure -> decr. CO **RCM** = stiff myocardium but normal ventricular thickness -> diastolic dysfunction due to myocardial fibrosis | myocardium = muscle that makes up heart wall

Question 34

ID arrow

Answer 34

ARVC = Arrhythmogenic Right Ventricular Cardiomyopathy - myocardium replaced with **adipose and fibrous tissues** -> impaired contraction/relaxation -> RV dilation ## Footnote Aka Boxer Cardiomyopathy (genetic mutation)

Question 35

Endocardiosis

Answer 35

myxomatous degeneration of the mitral valve

Question 36

ID

Answer 36

Endocarditis | inflammation of the inner layer of the heart

Question 37

Ddx for pallor lesions in the heart

Answer 37

Cause necrosis 1. Metabolic: Vit.E/selenium deficiency 2. Infection -> Sepsis 3. Toxin: Ionophore toxicity (horses)

Question 38

Small lymph nodes ddx

Answer 38

1. Atrophy (senile changes) 2. Developmental disorders (immunodeficiency syndromes) 3. Lack of antigenic stimulation (pathogen-free animals) 4. Cachexia/malnutrition (hypercatabolic state) 5. Infection (distemper; bvdv) that destructs lymphoid tissue