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Flashcards in Applied Embryology Deck (20)
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1
Q

What are the most common developmental anomalies?

A

Congenital heart defects

2
Q

How many babies are affected by congenital heart defects?

A

At least 6 in every 1,000

3
Q

What percentage of babies with a heart defect die before their first birthday?

A

6%

4
Q

How many babies are affected by neural tube defects such as spina bifida?

A

1 in 1000

5
Q

How many babies are born with a birth defect?

A

1 in 46 - this ranges from birthmarks to serious congenital anomalies

6
Q

What are teratogens?

A

An exposure e.g. a drug, substance or infection, to which the mother is exposed during pregnancy

7
Q

What can teratogens cause?

A

Structural or functional abnormalities

In-utero death

8
Q

What are some manifestations of teratogen exposure?

A
Intra-uterine death 
Structural malformations 
IUGR or growth defects 
Neurodevelopmental or behavioural dysfunction 
Developmental delay 
Carcinogenesis
9
Q

What does the manifestation of teratogen exposure depend on?

A

The teratogen
Time at which foetus is exposed
Mother’s susceptibility

10
Q

When is there the greatest risk of structural defects caused by teratogens occurring?

A

Between weeks 3 and 11, when organogenesis is occurring

11
Q

When are functional or growth defects more likely?

A

After 12 weeks gestation

12
Q

List some teratogens

A
Thalidomide 
Carbamazepine 
Sodium valproate 
Retinoids e.g. Roaccutane 
Doxycycline 
Alcohol 
Smoking 
Illicit drugs
13
Q

What are the rules regarding retinoid treatment in women of childbearing age?

A

Women of childbearing age who are prescribed retinoids must be on contraception due to potential teratogenicity - when used in treatment of acne, monthly pregnancy tests may also be carried out

14
Q

What are some of the potential teratogenic effects of retinoids on the foetus?

A
Absent ears 
Microphalthmia 
Cardiac anomalies 
Microcephaly 
Cleft lip and palate 
Nervous system abnormalities
15
Q

Exposure to diethylstilbestrol in utero is thought to increase the risk of what?

A

Developing clear cell cancer of the vagina and cervix

Increased risk of breast cancer

16
Q

What is binge drinking?

A

When an individual drinks five or more units of alcohol on one occasion

17
Q

When during pregnancy is binge drinking particularly harmful?

A

Around conception and early pregnancy

18
Q

What are some teratogenic infections?

A
Rubella 
Toxoplasmosis 
Chlamydia 
CMV 
Listeriosis 
Parvovirus B19 
Gonorrhoea
19
Q

What defects can rubella cause?

A

Sensorineural deafness
Eye abnormalities
Congenital heart disease

20
Q

What medications taken in labour can cause respiratory depression in neonates?

A

Opiates