Applied Kinesiology

Question 1

Newton’s 3 laws of motion

Answer 1

1) Law of inertia
2) Law of acceleration
3) Law of reaction

Question 2

the study of the form, pattern, or sequence of movement without regard for the forces that may produce motion

Answer 2

kinematics

Question 3

the branch of mechanics that describes the effects of forces on the body

Answer 3

kinetics

Question 4

internal force is produced by…

Answer 4

e.g., the muscles

Question 5

external force is produced by…

Answer 5

e.g., gravity’s pull on the barbell

Question 6

the law that states that a body at rest will stay at rest and that a body in motion will stay in motion (with the same direction and velocity) unless acted upon by an external force

Answer 6

law of intertia

Question 7

the law that states that the force acting on a body in a given direction is equal to the body’s mass multiplied by the body’s acceleration in that direction

Answer 7

law of acceleration

Question 8

the law that states that every applied force is accompanied by and equal and opposite reaction force (for every action there is an equal and opposite reaction)

Answer 8

law of reaction

Question 9

a change in an object’s position in relation to another object

Answer 9

motion

Question 10

4 types of motion

Answer 10

1) rotary
2) translatory
3) curvilinear
4) general plane

Question 11

motion around a joint (fixed axis point)

Answer 11

rotary

Question 12

object in motion is not tied down and moves in a straight line

Answer 12

translatory

Question 13

mixture of rotary and translatory motions

Answer 13

curvilinear

Question 14

motions at various joints that are simultaneously linear and rotary

Answer 14

general plane

Question 15

the fixed point of a lever

Answer 15

fulcrum

Question 16

T/F: The center of a joint acts as a fulcrum for rotary motion of the body segments.

Answer 16

True

Question 17

T/F: To lessen the resistance as fatigue occurs, move the weight closer to the working joint.

Answer 17

True

Question 18

T/F: A longer lever arm (for motive force) and a shorter lever arm (for resistance) creates a situation where less muscular force is required to lift the same weight.

Answer 18

True

Question 19

T/F: Longitudinal muscles allow for slow contractions but large force contractions.

Answer 19

False

Fast/speedy contractions but small force contractions

Question 20

the 4 articulations (joints) of the shoulder joint complex

Answer 20

1) scapulothoracic (S/T) articulation
2) acromioclavicular (A/C) joint
3) glenohumeral (G/H) joint
4) sternoclavicular (S/C) joint

Question 21

the junction of the sternum and the proximal clavicle

Answer 21

sternoclavicular (S/C) joint

Question 22

the junction of the acromion process of the scapula with the distal clavicle

Answer 22

acromioclavicular (A/C) joint

Question 23

the ball-and-socket joint composed of the glenoid fossa of the scapula and the humeral head

Answer 23

glenohumeral (G/H) joint

Question 24

the muscles and fascia connecting the scapulae to the thorax

Answer 24

scapulothoracic (S/T) joint

Question 25

the most mobile joint in the body

Answer 25

glenohumeral (G/H) joint

Question 26

the relationship where the G/H and S/T joints work together to produce coordinated flexion and extension in the sagittal plane and abduction and adduction in the frontal plane

Answer 26

scapulohumeral rhythm

Question 27

anterior shoulder girdle muscles

Answer 27

pectoralis minor and serratus anterior

Question 28

The serratus anterior works as a synergist with what muscle to produce upward rotation of the scapula?

Answer 28

upper trapezius

Question 29

posterior shoulder girdle muscles

Answer 29

trapezius, rhomboids, and levator scapulae

Question 30

T/F: Both anterior and posterior shoulder girdle muscles have no attachment to the humerus, and their action does not directly result in glenohumeral motion.

Answer 30

True

Question 31

the largest and most superficial of the posterior shoulder girdle muscles

Answer 31

trapezius

Question 32

muscles (prime movers) that produce movement at the glenohumeral (G/H) joint

Answer 32

pectoralis major, deltoid, rotator cuff, latissimus dorsi, and teres major

Question 33

the 3 sections/parts of the pectoralis major

Answer 33

1) clavicular 2) sternal 3) costal

Question 34

the pectoralis major is a prime mover for which movements of the G/H joint

Answer 34

1) adduction 2) horizontal flexion 3) internal rotation

Question 35

the muscle that acts as the primary abductor of the shoulder joint

Answer 35

deltoid

Question 36

group of muscles that stabilize the G/H joint and humeral head

Answer 36

rotator cuff (supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis)

Question 37

nickname for the teres major

Answer 37

little lat

Question 38

latissimus dorsi and teres major produce these movements of the G/H joint

Answer 38

1) adduction 2) extension 3) internal rotation

Question 39

2 obesity-related biomechanics that should be paid more attention

Answer 39

1) postural balance | 2) walking gait

Question 40

decreased muscle mass; often used to refer specifically to an age-related decline in muscle mass or lean-body tissue

Answer 40

sarcopenia

Question 41

exercises for older individuals who may experience issues such as sarcopenia, osteoporosis, osteopenia, or have issues related to endurance, mobility, stability, and self-efficacy

Answer 41

1) chair-seated exercise | 2) aquatic exercise

Question 42

primary hip extensors (posterior hip muscles)

Answer 42

hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus) and the gluteus maximus

Question 43

primary hip flexors (anterior hip muscles)

Answer 43

iliopsoas, rectus femoris, sartorius, and tensor fasciae latae

Question 44

primary hip abductors

Answer 44

superior fibers of the gluteus maximus, gluteus medius, and gluteus minimus

Question 45

primary hip external rotators (located deep to the gluteus maximus)

Answer 45

piriformis, superior gemellus, obturator internus, inferior gemellus, obturator externus, and quadratus femoris

Question 46

primary hip adductors and internal rotators

Answer 46

adductor magnus, adductor longus, and adductor brevis

Question 47

prime mover for knee extension when acting concentrically

Answer 47

rectus femoris

Question 48

primary knee flexors

Answer 48

hamstrings (biceps femoris, semitendinosus, and semimembranosus)

Question 49

primary internal rotators of the knee

Answer 49

semitendinosus and semimembranosus

Question 50

primary external rotator of the knee

Answer 50

biceps femoris

Question 51

responsible for initiating knee flexion and "unlocking" the knee from its extended position

Answer 51

popliteus

Question 52

anterior leg muscles

Answer 52

dorsiflexors (anterior tibialis, extensor digitorum longus, extensor hallucis longus)

Question 53

posterior leg muscles

Answer 53

plantarflexors (posterior tibialis, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, popliteus, soleus, gastrocnemius, and plantaris)

Question 54

deep posterior compartment muscles

Answer 54

posterior tibialis, flexor digitorum longus, flexor hallucis longus, and popliteus

Question 55

superficial posterior compartment muscles

Answer 55

soleus, gastrocnemius, and plantaris

Question 56

lateral leg muscles (evertors)

Answer 56

peroneus longus and peroneus brevis

Question 57

medial leg muscles (invertors)

Answer 57

anterior tibialis and posterior tibialis

Question 58

the 2 muscles that are primarily responsible for concentric inversion (i.e., pulling the foot toward the midline in the frontal plane)

Answer 58

anterior tibialis and posterior tibialis

Question 59

the biomechanical alignment of the individual body parts and the orientation of the body to the environment

Answer 59

posture

Question 60

the ability to maintain the body's position over its base of support within stability limits, both statically and dynamically

Answer 60

balance

Question 61

abnormal posture condition which can result from psoas tightness (inflexibility) and passive hyperextension of the lumbar spine

Answer 61

lordosis

Question 62

3 most common abnormal postures

Answer 62

lordosis, kyphosis, and scoliosis

Question 63

excess anterior curvature of the spine that typically occurs at the low back; associated with anterior tilting of the pelvis

Answer 63

lordosis

Question 64

excessive posterior curvature of the spine (typically seen in the thoracic region); gives the individual a "humpback" look with rounded shoulders, sunken chest, and head-forward posture with neck hyperextension

Answer 64

kyphosis

Question 65

common abnormal posture among older adults with osteoporosis

Answer 65

kyphosis

Question 66

decrease in the normal inward curve of the lower back with the pelvis in posterior tilt

Answer 66

flat-back

Question 67

long outward curve of the thoracic spine with a decreased anterior lumbar curve and a backward shift of the upper trunk; accompanied by rounded shoulders, sunken chest, and forward-tilted head

Answer 67

sway-back

Question 68

excessive lateral curvature of the spine, with the pelvis and shoulders being uneven and a posterior shifting of the rib cage on one side

Answer 68

scoliosis

Question 69

T/F: Scoliosis is more common among men than women.

Answer 69

False more common among women