Applied pharmacology theory

Question 1

What are the ways to administer a medication

Answer 1

Oral
Buccal
Rectal
Transdermal
Nasal
Lungs
Intramuscular
Subcutaneous
Intravenous
Intrathecal

Question 2

List some medication to avoid in renal failure

Answer 2

ACE inhibitors and ARB
Aldosterone antagonists
Atenolol
Metformin
Lithium
Methotrexate
Ciprofloxacin

Question 3

what types of drugs should be avoided in patients with liver disease

Answer 3

avoid drugs which
cause sedation, constipation, drugs which cause
hypokalaemia- risk of encephalopathy
Avoid drugs which increase risk of bleeding
Avoid drugs which cause fluid retention
statins

Question 4

What 5 drugs should be avoided in fetogenic stage of pregnancy and what they cause

Answer 4

Ace inhibitor– renal dysfunction
tetracycline - inhibit fetal bone growth and stains teeth
aminoglycosides - VIII nerve damage
opioid - drug dependency
warfarin - intracranial bleeding

Question 5

Teratogenic medication

Answer 5

Thalidomide
Cytotoxic
Alcohol
Retinoids
Anticonvulsants phenytoin, sodium
valproate, carbamazepine
Lithium

Question 6

Narrow therapeutic index drugs

Answer 6

lithium, digoxin, theophylline, gentamicin, phenytoin,
warfarin

Question 7

What is bioavailability

Answer 7

Fraction of the administered dose that reaches the systemic circulation

Question 8

What are the determinants of bioavailability

Answer 8

Properties
Route of administration

Question 9

Phase 1 and phase 2 metabolism in liver

Answer 9

Phase I reaction – Oxidation, Hydrolysis and reduction
*Cytochrome P450s
If metabolites still lipophilic then Phase II
*Phase II – glutathione conjugation, acetylation, sulfation and glucuronidation