Applied Psychology Flashcards

Question

A woman is cheating on their boyfriend because she believes that he is going to cheat on her anyway, so he ends up cheating on her when he finds out and she continues to cheat.

Answer 1

Projective identification. That person is exhibiting a major pathological psychodynamic defence mechanism which distorts their reality. It can be called a major distortion of reality. That person may have an unhealthy outlook on men; perceiving all of them as cheaters, which she may be using the cheating she induced to justify her actions. She may be attempting to circumvent what to her is an inevitable heartbreak by cheating first and projecting that his cheating, later to identify with the cheating she induced.

Answer 2

Minor devaluation. That person is exhibiting a minor pathological psychodynamic defence mechanism which distorts their reality. It can be called a minor distortion of reality.

Answer 3

Reaction formation. That person is exhibiting an immature psychodynamic defence mechanism which distorts their reality. It can be reaction formation To cope with homophobia, the closeted homosexual became homophobic to do the polar opposite of their uncomfortable feelings.

Answer 4

Projection. That person is exhibiting an immature psychodynamic defence mechanism which distorts their reality. It can be called simple projection. To cope with being a homosexual in a homophobic environment, the closeted homosexual began accusing their friends of being gay.

Answer 5

Regression. That person is exhibiting an immature psychodynamic defence mechanism which distorts their reality. It can be called regression. The person attempts to return to an earlier libidinal phase where they would feel safe, relaxed and have their needs met.

Answer 6

An ego defence mechanism becomes pathological only when its persistent use leads to maladaptive behavior such that the physical and/or mental health of the individual is adversely affected

Answer 7

Altruism - helping others in a way which is not compensating Anticipation - Realistic planning and acceptance of future discomfort. A positive outlook on the future and anticipation for the good of the future. Sublimation - Converting anxiety arousing (and usually socially undesirable) emotions into something constructive and socially acceptable

Answer 8

Cardinal traits: traits which can be used to define and label a person due to their prevalence one or two of these traits can be used to define a person due to how much they appear in their behaviour. Defines and predicts their behaviour as the most important part Central traits: traits which are fundamental to a persons personality but are not the most dominant compared to others. people have 5-10 of these to be defined but define the person Secondary traits: traits which are only relevant based on the context and the environment the person finds themselves in general fears of public speaking, hating waiting in lines

Answer 9

Otherwise known as the ocean model. O - Openness to imagination, new actions and new ideas; High scorers: curious, wide range of interests, independent, imaginative, creative Low scorers: Practical, conventional, prefers routine C - Conscientiousness, self-discipline, thoughtfulness, pragmatism, goals High scorers: Hardworking, goal oriented, organized, dependable, Low scorers: Impulsive, careless, disorganized E - Extroversion, A - Agreeableness to cooperate, trustworthy and good natured high scoring - helpful, trusting and empathetic low scoring: critical uncooperative and suspicious N - Neuroticism, tendency towards emotional instability high scorers: anxious, unhappy, prone to negative emotions low scorers: calm, even-tempered, secure

Answer 10

The three core conditions, empathy, unconditional positive regard and congruence

Answer 11

They cross the blood brain barrier and interact with the neurotransmitter levels in the brain, in turn affecting mood, judgement and behaviour. Agonists: increase neurotransmitter site activity by mimicking neurotransmitters, like morphine. Or by blocking the reuptake of certain neurotransmitters, enhancing their effect (SSRIS)

Answer 12

Glutamate. Glutamate is the main excitatory neurotransmitter which is used in learning and high amounts may contribute to schizophrenia.

Answer 13

GABA. The main inhibitory neurotransmitter. involved in memory, learning and sleep. Alcohol and anti-anxiety drugs bind to GABA receptors and cause sedation and lack of worry.

Answer 14

Critical in functions such as mood, hunger and sleep. Aphetamines, Methenthetamines, Caffeine causes a spike in Norepinephrine

Answer 15

Motor function and feeling pleasure. neurotransmitter drugs which increase dopamine treat parkinsons, while reducing is for schizophrenia

Answer 16

Mood, aggression, temperature regulation and sleep cycles it is a hormone

Answer 17

Reduces pain and increases appetite. Result of THC as it causes euphoria and an increase in appetite neurotransmitter

Answer 18

Splitting is a minor pathological defence mechanism in which the person is unable to coincide the favourable and disfavourable perceptions of others, in turn splitting them into two different binary outlooks which do not go together. They are either extremely good or extremely bad. All to protect the good from the bad or the bad from the good in order to not taint the other side. Also used as a defence mechanism against guilt by borderline personality disorder, as all bad things are deserved by the bad person- completely disregarding the existence of the good.

Answer 19

It is a major pathological defence mechanism in which a person projects a bad quality onto another person (quality which they may be feeling themselves) until the other person finally begins having the same quality, in turn justifying the existence of the initial quality and then using their change to identify with their initial quality. "so I knew you were cheating on me all along, well I cheated too before you" "see, you are a terrible person look you're angry (just as much as they were before)"

Answer 20

It is the division of something into several compartments and genres. Depending on the context in psychology.

Answer 21

Not every narcissist has Narcissistic Personality Disorder (NPD), as narcissism is a spectrum. People who are at the highest end of the spectrum are those that are classified as NPD, but others, still with narcissistic traits, may fall on the lower end of the narcissistic spectrum.

Answer 22

Individuals can either score high or low in openness, which can determine their openness to internalizing new ideas and experiences. High in Openness: Creative thinkers, imaginative problem solvers who consider more solutions than the average, curious, abstract thinkers, much more likely to be more extroverted more likely to take risks more comfortable with improvising and uncertainty, more likely to use abstract solutions to a problem, more likely to have a curious mind, more likely to have a wide range of interests, more likely to be independent thinkers high scorers tend to have a slightly higher IQ imaginative, creative more likely to seek "sensations" and experiences more likely to be liberal and progressive Low in Openness: Practical, conventional, prefers routine less likely to take risks more likely to stay the same without change more likely to hold conservative beliefs less likely to change their core beliefs more likely to find change stressful and anxiety inducing less likely to seek new experiences

Answer 23

Autonomous (Secure): Comfortable in a warm, loving and emotionally close relationship. Depends on partner and allows partner to depend on them; is available for partner in times of need. Accepts partner’s need for separateness without feeling rejected or threatened; can be close and also independent (“dependent–independent”). Trusting, empathic, tolerant of differences, and forgiving. Communicates emotions and needs honestly and openly; attuned to partner’s needs and responds appropriately; does not avoid conflict. Manages emotions well; not overly upset about relationship issues. Insight, resolution and forgiveness about past relationship issues and hurts. Sensitive, warm and caring parent; attuned to child’s cues and needs; children are securely attached.[ anxious ambivalent Insecure in intimate relationships; constantly worried about rejection and abandonment; preoccupied with relationship; “hyperactivates” attachment needs and behavior. Needy; requires ongoing reassurance; want to “merge” with partner, which scares partner away. Ruminates about unresolved past issues from family-of-origin, which intrudes into present perceptions and relationships (fear, hurt, anger, rejection). Overly sensitive to partner’s actions and moods; takes partner’s behavior too personally. Highly emotional; can be argumentative, combative, angry and controlling; poor personal boundaries. Communication is not collaborative; unaware of own responsibility in relationship issues; blames others. Unpredictable and moody; connects through conflict, “stirs the pot.” Inconsistent attunement with own children, who are likely to be anxiously attached. Anxious avoidant Emotionally distant and rejecting in an intimate relationship; keeps partner at arm’s length; partner always wanting more closeness; ” “deactivates” attachment needs, feelings and behaviors. Equates intimacy with loss of independence; prefers autonomy to togetherness. Not able to depend on partner or allow partner to “lean on” them; independence is a priority. Communication is intellectual, not comfortable talking about emotions; avoids conflict, then explodes. Cool, controlled, stoic; compulsively self-sufficient; narrow emotional range; prefers to be alone. Good in a crisis; non-emotional, takes charge. Emotionally unavailable as parent; disengaged and detached; children are likely to have avoidant attachments. Fearful-avoidant attachment: A person with a fearful avoidant attachment lives in an ambivalent state of being afraid of being both too close to or too distant from others. They attempt to keep their feelings at bay but are unable to; they can't just avoid their anxiety or run away from their feelings.

Answer 24

Fluid intelligence is intelligence which is measured through culture free psychometric tests. Things like IQ Crystallized intelligence is a measurement of previous knowledge.

Answer 25

Conscientiousness is the quality of being able to do whatever you do well and thoroughly. High Conscientiousness: organisation, pragmatism, tidiness, planning, high crystallized intelligence, ``` if neurotic, then perfectionistic and critical of others critical of their own failures take prophylactic measures perform well academically empathetic tidy lower IQ, hence the need to be conscientious phenomenon organise and plan homes have better lighting healthier relationships less likely to be unhealthy less likely to cheat less likely to divorce happier on average than non-conscientious individuals ``` Low Conscientiousness: ``` less critical of their own failures messy underperformers impulsive purchases unhealthy habit forming drug abusing impulsive criminal activity neuroticism lower life expectancy ```

Answer 26

Haptics are the touching of objects. Creating barriers with objects against people means that you are uncomfortable with that person and want to create space.

Answer 27

The limbic system is the part of the brain involved in our behavioural and emotional responses, especially when it comes to behaviours we need for survival: feeding, reproduction and caring for our young, and fight or flight responses. The limbic system takes over in times of distress and thus is a reliable way to decipher comfort and discomfort which may usually be hidden away.

Answer 28

Freeze, flight, fight. Freeze to stop alerting predators with movement flight to remove themselves from the predator fight for survival against the predator When a person experiences a limbic response to psychological stress, they will exhibit pacifying behaviours which calm them down momentarily. This is done by stimulating nerves located all over the body which effectively reduce heart rate.

Answer 29

It is a pacifying behaviour used to circumvent the emotional discomfort of fear, insecurity and discomfort. This is a sign of discomfort with the situation. This is the most common and powerful limbic response used to reduce stress. This is due to the neck being rich in nerve ending which when stimulated reduce blood pressure and heart rate and calm the individual down. Even a brief touch of the neck can have a significant impact on the overall psychological distress level. Stimulation of the vagus nerve which when massaged will slow down heart rate.

Answer 30

Limbic response to struggling with something and failing to come up with an answer, or undergoing extreme discomfort.

Answer 31

It is a pacifying behaviour used to circumvent the emotional discomfort of fear, insecurity and doubt in something. This is a sign of discomfort with the situation.

Answer 32

It is a pacifying behaviour used to circumvent the emotional discomfort. This is a sign of discomfort with the situation.

Answer 33

It is a pacifying behaviour using the facial nerves to circumvent feeling nervous, irritable, or concerned about a particular situation.

Answer 34

Pacifying behaviour using nerves inside the cheeks. Strong pacifier to release stress and is usually present after getting away with something serious.

Answer 35

This is a highly accurate pacifying behaviour which predicts anxiety and discomfort with the situation. It happens often due to the low profile nature of the pacifying behaviour, as it's usually done under a table where no one can see.

Answer 36

The feet. Even long term liars don't pay attention to their feet as they are in no ones view during conversations, and are thus the most revealing.

Answer 37

This signifies true intent. The direction of the foot is the direction the person wants to go towards.

Answer 38

This signifies comfort as crossed legs make a person off balance and thus vulnerable to predators. If the person reverts back to standing on two feet, that means that they are no longer comfortable as they are uncomfortable with being vulnerable in that environment. This is especially true when you observe two people crossing their legs at the same time, as they are both comfortable around each other to make themselves vulnerable in their presence.

Answer 39

It can either signify discomfort with the person or comfort depending on the height and position of the knee. If uncomfortable, haptic barriers may be impossible due to no objects, so when the legs are crossed, the knee may be used as a barrier between them and the other person. If comfortable then the knee will be down and will not be in the way between the two people.

Answer 40

It means that the person wants to be elsewhere. Favourable opinions are unlikely to be formed in this state as the person would like to leave immediately.

Answer 41

This is a limbic response used to soothe them by kicking. This is a sign of discomfort with the situation

Answer 42

It signifies discomfort with the situation or insecurity within them. When a person gets more comfortable with the situation they will unlock their ankles under the chair.

Answer 43

It signifies a significant limbic freeze response and discomfort with the situation or insecurity within them, anxiety or concern with what might happen.

Answer 44

It signifies that they are both comfortable with one another in the conversation and are both invested in the topic. Conversely, if the gap is being widened by one of the parties form being close, then the party is showing discomfort and disagreement with what is being said.

Answer 45

It signifies that the person is uncomfortable with the other party. This barrier can be made using objects or by simple crossing of the arms. The tighter the grip on our arms with our hands, the more uncomfortable the person might be.

Answer 46

This is a limbic response to create distance and protect the vital organs in our torso from predators. This person is creating a barrier from themselves and their environment.

Answer 47

The four lobes of the brain are the frontal, parietal, temporal, and occipital lobes the frontal lobe is responsible for higher cognitive functions such as memory, emotions, impulse control, problem solving, social interaction, and motor function. the parietal lobe is responsible for processing somatosensory information from the body; this includes touch, pain, temperature, and the sense of limb position temporal lobes are most commonly associated with processing auditory information and with the encoding of memory the occipital lobe is the visual processing area of the brain. It is associated with visuospatial processing, distance and depth perception, color determination, object and face recognition, and memory formation

Answer 48

It is the part of the brain devoted to controlling movements (motor skills)

Answer 49

It is the part of the brain which is responsible for the sensations of touch.

Answer 50

``` Dendrites Soma Axon Axonic terminals Synaptic gaps ``` The soma is the main body of the cell. It is the part which contains the nucleus of the neuron cell. The axon is the long slender tube which is connected to the soma, and it is covered in the myelin sheath which is used to facilitate faster communication The dendrites are the tree like branches which receive signals from other neurons Terminal buttons are where the messages are passed from to other neurons in the connection While the synaptic gaps are where the neurons communicate via the exchange of neurotransmitters The neuron cells communicate in messages called Reaction Potential

Answer 51

The cerebral spinal fluid (CSF) covers the brain and cushions it from shock inside the skull. It filters the waste created by the brain and provides nutrients to the central nervous system. It maintains a neutral buoyancy (floating), which is the maintenance of density of the liquid to be equal to the density of the brain, so that the brain doesn't collapse under it's own weight. Everyone has 150ml of CSF at any given time in their body, and it is a clear liquid created by the choroid plexus. Archanoid Granulations absorbs CSF into the blood once it has finished circulating The CSF system has 4 different ventricles, and below the 4th, the CSF flows into the brainstem Irregularities in CSF production can cause too much of CSF around the brain (hydrocephaly)

Answer 52

BBB is the part of the brain where capillaries are, which disallow for large objects such as bacteria from entering, but allow for smaller objects like molecules (glucose). Crossing the barrier is what is needed for a drug to be psychoactive

Answer 53

It is usually between 43-45cm long. | It has CSF.

Answer 54

It is located in the lower half of the brain stem. It is the area where a significant number of axons pass through the brain and the spinal chord. It regulates autonomic functions of the body, which are: - heart beat - blood pressure - breathing - swallowing - sneezing - coughing

Answer 55

The cerebellum is important for making postural adjustments in order to maintain balance. ... One major function of the cerebellum is to coordinate the timing and force of these different muscle groups to produce fluid limb or body movements. Motor learning. The cerebellum is important for motor learning.

Answer 56

It was an experiment conducted by Mary Ainsworth in the 1970s. A mother and their infant would be in a room. The mother would leave the room and a stranger would enter the room. The mother would return to the room again and the infant's reaction would determine the quality of their care. Contributed to the reasearch of 4 different attachment styles. Attachment theory is the theory that the parent-infant relationship carries over to the type of adult attachment style the adult has once they grow up Anxious Ambivalent - inconsistent caregiving

Answer 57

Posterior part of the brain is the back. Anterior is the front. Superior is the top. Inferior is the bottom.

Answer 58

Inferior part of the structure is where the Medulla Oblangata is, and it is where the spinal cord is met. It regulates autonomic functions of the body, which are: - heart beat - blood pressure - breathing - swallowing - sneezing - coughing Above the Medulla there is the pons. The pons contains nuclei that relay signals from the forebrain to the cerebellum, along with nuclei that deal primarily with sleep, respiration, swallowing, bladder control, hearing, equilibrium, taste, eye movement, facial expressions, facial sensation, and posture. Above the pons there is the midbrain (mesencephalon) midbrain has the 4th ventricle narrowed where the 3rd ventricle is connected. The midbrain serves important functions in motor movement, particularly movements of the eye, and in auditory and visual processing.

Answer 59

The posterior part of the brain containing the thalamus, hypothalamus and the pineal gland.

Answer 60

An intense fear of abandonment, even going to extreme measures to avoid real or imagined separation or rejection A pattern of unstable intense relationships, such as idealizing someone one moment and then suddenly believing the person doesn't care enough or is cruel Rapid changes in self-identity and self-image that include shifting goals and values, and seeing yourself as bad or as if you don't exist at all Periods of stress-related paranoia and loss of contact with reality, lasting from a few minutes to a few hours Impulsive and risky behavior, such as gambling, reckless driving, unsafe sex, spending sprees, binge eating or drug abuse, or sabotaging success by suddenly quitting a good job or ending a positive relationship Suicidal threats or behavior or self-injury, often in response to fear of separation or rejection Wide mood swings lasting from a few hours to a few days, which can include intense happiness, irritability, shame or anxiety Ongoing feelings of emptiness Inappropriate, intense anger, such as frequently losing your temper, being sarcastic or bitter, or having physical fights

Answer 61

Bipolar I disorder. You've had at least one manic episode that may be preceded or followed by hypomanic or major depressive episodes. In some cases, mania may trigger a break from reality (psychosis). Bipolar II disorder. You've had at least one major depressive episode and at least one hypomanic episode, but you've never had a manic episode. Cyclothymic disorder. You've had at least two years — or one year in children and teenagers — of many periods of hypomania symptoms and periods of depressive symptoms (though less severe than major depression). Other types. These include, for example, bipolar and related disorders induced by certain drugs or alcohol or due to a medical condition, such as Cushing's disease, multiple sclerosis or stroke. Bipolar disorders tend to have several different "modes" in which a person acts differently depending on the episode. During a period of depression, your symptoms may include: ``` feeling sad, hopeless or irritable most of the time lacking energy difficulty concentrating and remembering things loss of interest in everyday activities feelings of emptiness or worthlessness feelings of guilt and despair feeling pessimistic about everything self-doubt being delusional, having hallucinations and disturbed or illogical thinking lack of appetite difficulty sleeping waking up early suicidal thoughts ``` OR feeling very happy, elated or overjoyed talking very quickly feeling full of energy feeling self-important feeling full of great new ideas and having important plans being easily distracted being easily irritated or agitated being delusional, having hallucinations and disturbed or illogical thinking not feeling like sleeping not eating doing things that often have disastrous consequences – such as spending large sums of money on expensive and sometimes unaffordable items making decisions or saying things that are ou

Answer 62

Psychopathy. Someone with antisocial personality disorder will typically be manipulative, deceitful and reckless, and will not care for other people's feelings. Like other types of personality disorder, antisocial personality disorder is on a spectrum, which means it can range in severity from occasional bad behaviour to repeatedly breaking the law and committing serious crimes. A person with antisocial personality disorder may: exploit, manipulate or violate the rights of others lack concern, regret or remorse about other people's distress behave irresponsibly and show disregard for normal social behaviour have difficulty sustaining long-term relationships be unable to control their anger lack guilt, or not learn from their mistakes blame others for problems in their lives repeatedly break the law A person with antisocial personality disorder will have a history of conduct disorder during childhood, such as truancy (not going to school), delinquency (for example, committing crimes or substance misuse), and other disruptive and aggressive behaviours.

Applied Psychology Flashcards

(86 cards)