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Canadian RST Preparation > Applied Safety Fundamentals, 28% > Flashcards

Applied Safety Fundamentals, 28% Flashcards

1
Q

What does the term ‘protection factor’ in respiratory protection describe?

A

The overall effectiveness of a respirator and the nature of contaminants.

PF = concentration of harmful substances outside the mask / concentration under the mask.

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2
Q

What is safety?

A

Control of recognized hazards to attain an acceptable level of risk and provide protection from exposure to hazards.

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3
Q

What is loss?

A

Loss is harm to people, damage to equipment or property, and the destruction of material.

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4
Q

What is risk?

A

Risk is the chance of loss when exposed to a hazard, including the probability and severity of the loss.

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5
Q

What is an accident?

A

An occurrence that produce unintended or unplanned loss.

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6
Q

What is an incident?

A

An incident is an undesired event that results in loss or would have resulted in loss.

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7
Q

What are the 6 main objectives of work inspections?

A

Document, improve, identify, determine, recommend, monitor

  • Documentation
    a record of concerns/issues
  • Improve
    increasing understanding of jobs and tasks
  • Identify
    hazard identification
  • Determine
    underlying causes
  • Recommend
    corrective actions
  • Monitor
    steps taken to control hazards/risk
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8
Q

What is SCAT?

A

Systematic Cause Analysis Technique

  • Uses DNV management system model
  • Good for major loss or potential for major loss
  • systematically links losses to causes & contacts
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9
Q

What is MORT?

A

Management Oversight and Risk Tree

  • Type of fault tree logic diagram
  • Describes all phases of a safety program
  • Easy to apply and use in large-scale investigations
  • Tedious and very time consuming

MORT Tree has three branches:
- Specific control oversights and omissions
- Management system oversights and omissions
- Assumed risks

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10
Q

What is TapRoot?

A
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11
Q

What is Tripod - Delta Method?

A
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12
Q

What is the Why Five Technique?

A

The process of asking why repeatedly until you have a full understanding and all the available information. Typically, this means asking why around 5 times to get to the root cause.

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13
Q

What is ISMEC?

A

Identification
Standards
Measurements
Evaluation
Commendation and Correction

Management loss control program.

Identify specific program elements or activities to achieve desired results
Establish performance standards
Have a method to measure the work
Evaluate measurements to standards
Commend what is going well while correcting substandard performance.

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14
Q

How do you calculate accident/incident frequency rates and compare to other organizations?

A

Multiply the number of events by the base rate, then divide by the actual hours worked.

Example:
100 workers, working 40hrs/wk for 50 weeks = 200,000. This is a common base rate.

The employer had 1 incident.

1*200,00 = 200,000

There were only 10 workers, working 40 hrs/wk for 50 weeks. Giving 20,000 actual work hours.

200,000 / 20,000 = 10

The Incident frequency rate is 10 and can be compared to numbers from organizations of different sizes.

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15
Q

How do you calculate accident severity rates and compare to other organizations?

A

Multiply the number of days lost by the base rate, then divide by the actual hours worked.

Example:
100 workers, working 40hrs/wk for 50 weeks = 200,000. This is a common base rate.

The employer had 10 days lost.

10*200,00 = 2,000,000

There were only 10 workers, working 40 hrs/wk for 50 weeks. Giving 20,000 actual work hours.

2,000,000 / 20,000 = 100

The severity rate is 100 and can be compared to numbers from organizations of different sizes.

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16
Q

What is Material Process Flow Analysis?

A

A systems approach to measuring the mass of materials entering and leaving a system.
Can be useful in chemical applications to ensure that all emissions and wastes are accounted for.

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17
Q

Define nip points or bites in machine safeguarding.

A

Nip points or bites are created by two or more mechanical parts rotating in oposite dir

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18
Q

What size of opening in a safety barrier, guarding a mechanical pinch point is acceptable?

A

Openings should be no wider than 6 mm and no closer than 38 mm from the danger point.

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19
Q

Differentiate simple interlocks with power interlocks.

A

Simple interlocks stop a machine when the guard is opened.

Power interlocks will not release until the machine has come to a safe stop.

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20
Q

Differentiate type 1 and type 2 hard hats.

A

Type 1 are for non-lateral impacts

Type 2 are for lateral impacts

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21
Q

What are the three CSA classes of hard hat?

A

Class G
general use with protection against 2,200V

Class E
electrical use with protection against 20,000V

Class C
no electric protection

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22
Q

Discuss the NRR hearing protection ratings in Canada.

A

The CSA attenuation data does not match the data required for NRR ratings. Ratings should be reduced to the following:
earplugs - 50%
ear muffs - 70%
dual protection - 65%

NRR = noise reduction rating

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23
Q

What are the two classes of respiratory protection PPE?

A

Air purifying
Air supplying

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24
Q

How do you determine whether a respirator can be used in a specific concentration of a hazardous substance?

A

The MUC = TLV x APF

An APF (assigned protection factor) if the level of respiratory protection provided by a respirator.

The MUC (maximum use concentration) is the max concentration of substance that the respirator can be used in.

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25
Q

What a common assigned APF factors for different types of respirator?

A

Half-face mask: 10 APF
Full-face mask: 100 APF
PAPR: 1,000 APF
SCBA: 10,000 APF

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26
Q

What is a PAPR and SCBA?
context, respiratory protection.

A

PAPR
powered air purifying respirator

SCBA
self-contained breathing apparatus

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27
Q

What two substances are commonly used in qualitative mask fit testing?

A

Saccharin and bitrex

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28
Q

Discuss qualitative vs quantitative fit testing.

A

Qualitative = does the user notice the taste/smell of a substance.

Quantitative = Instrumentation measures air in atmosphere and within respirator for objective measurements.

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29
Q

How is quantitative fit testing usually performed?

A

A test gas, such as

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30
Q

What daily respirator tests should be performed?

A

Negative pressure tests (cover inlets and inhale)

Positive pressure test (cover exhalation valve and exhale)

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31
Q

What is current? (electricity)

A

Equivalent to the volume of water flowing past.

Current (I) is measured in amps (A).

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32
Q

What is voltage? (electricity)

A

Voltage is equivalent to water pressure.

Voltage (V) is measured in voltage (V).

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33
Q

What is resistance? (electricity)

A

Resistance (R) is like an obstruction.

Resistance (R) is measured in ohms (Ω)

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34
Q

What is the biggest factor in electrical risk?

A

Current (I).
The greater the current, the greater the severity.

50mA (0.05A) is sufficient to cause death.

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35
Q

What are common wire colours in an electrical circuit?

A

Black/red with brass connections = hot wire, provides current.

White with silver connections = neutral, returns current to service panel.

Bare/green = ground, alternative pathway to return current to service panel.

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36
Q

Discuss knife switches in electrical safety.

A

A knife switch is a simple type of switch using a metal lever to complete a circuit. There is a risk from contacting exposed metal parts, and there is also a risk of arcing.

Most knife switches have now been replaced with safety switches where all conducting parts are covered and cannot be opened without deenergization.

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37
Q

What is a GFCI?

A

Ground Fault Circuit Interrupter

Monitors current and will break circuit if current changes.

Usually GFCIs trip with a ground fault of 0.005A (1 mA), and trigger within 1/40th of a second.

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38
Q

What is the maximum length of an extension power cord?

A

100ft.

39
Q

What is a class II electrical applicance?

A

It is double-insulated so that it does not require a safety connection to ground.

Symbol is a square within a square.

40
Q

What is a class III electrical applicance?

A

Uses a “safety extra low voltage” that is low enough that a person can safely contact it without risk of electrical shock.

25V AC
60V DC

Symbol is a square with III inside it

41
Q

What is a class I electrical appliance.

A

There is a barrier between the electrical circuit and the operator.

There is also a ground wire that provides an alternative route for electricity if there is a fault. This should trip the GFCI.

Class I electrical devices do not require a symbol.

42
Q

Discuss grounding and bonding in electrical safety.

A

Bonding involves making a connection between components that readily carries electricity.

Grounding involves making a connection between the component and the ground or electrical service panel.

Grounding and bonding protect against buildup of static electricity and other charges.

Bonding without grounding is called a floating system. It provides some safety, but less than bonding AND grounding.

43
Q

List 5 rules for hoisting equipment.

A
  • Safe load capacities must be displayed conspicuously on the body of the machine
  • Labels with safe operating procedures must be affixed to the joist, block or controls
  • Load hooks should have hook latches or be moused
  • Hook supports should be designed to bear maximum loads
  • Overhead hoists on rails should have positive stops or limiters to prevent overrunning
44
Q

What are the three types of guard or limit switches on a hoist or crane?

A
  • Upper Limit Switches
    Prevent the load from being raised too height (prevent hitting the boom or drum)
  • Lower Limit Switches
    Prevent lowering below a set height. Typically used if there is a restricted view
  • Load Limit or Overload Devices
    Prevent a crane from lifting weights above the set limit.
45
Q

Compare overhead and gantry cranes.

A

Overhead travelling cranes are usually on rails near a ceiling.

Gantry cranes are on rails that are close to the ground.

46
Q

What is a tower crane?

A

A tower crane is a vertical mast with a working boom.
The boom movement is limited by the jib’s radius.

47
Q

What is a Derrick crane?

A

A derrick is composed of a mast and a lifting arm.

48
Q

What is a hammerhead crane?

A

A crane used to lift extremely heavy weights. It is commonly used in marine shipping yards.

49
Q

What are two common types of mobile crane?

A
  • Telescopic Boom Cranes
  • Lattice Boom Cranes
50
Q

Discuss types of rope fiber.

A

Ropes are made of natural or synthetic fibers.

Common natural fiber ropes are made of manila or sisal hemp. Manila is better, but sisal is common in smaller ropes.
If loaded above 50% of breaking strength, natural fiber ropes will be permanently damaged.

Common synthetic fiber ropes are made of nylon, polyester, or polyolefin.
Nylon is 2.5 x stronger than manila.
If loaded above 65% of breaking strength, synthetic fiber ropes will be permanently damaged.

51
Q

Discuss wire rope inspections.

A

Wire rope must be examined regularly for wear or damage.

Look for wear, damage, loose wires, drying of lubricant, thinning of rope.

Rope calipers can be used to determine changes in rope diameter.

The number of broken wires per lay is a principal criterion for judging the condition of wire rope.

Wire rope must be wrapped around a drum at least 5 times to be considered secure.

52
Q

Discuss lift truck driving on ramps.

A

When carrying a load, keep forks pointed up the slope.

When without a load, keep forks pointing down the slope.

When loaded, go forwards uphill, and backwards downhill.

When unloaded, go backwards uphill, and forwards downhill.

53
Q

Discuss requirements for the use of a fork mounted work platform.

A

The platform must be commercially designed for use or stamped by a professional engineer.

The maximum load must be established.

Guardrails and toe-boards must be in place.

There must be a barrier between the worker and the lifting mechanism.

Workers being lifted must wear fall restraint systems.

54
Q

What is an elevated work platform?

A

A work platform that can be self-elevated to overhead worksites.

Examples:
- Elevating rolling work platforms
- Self-propelling elevating work platforms
- Boom-type elevated work platforms
- Scissor lift work platforms

55
Q

Discuss the inspection of pressurized cylinders in Canada

A

All cylinders must meet Transport Canada safety standards.

Use of cylinders without a Transport Canada (TC) safety mark is an offence under the TDG Act.

Cylinders should be inspected for a TC mark to confirm they were manufactured and tested to meet the required safety standards.

56
Q

What is a risk specific to chainsaws?

A

Kickback.

When the chain of the saw hits something hard, the saw can kickback and potentially connect with the worker.

57
Q

Discuss box cutter safety.

A

Hand lacerations are very common with box cutters/utility knives.

Controls that should be used include:
- avoid cutting towards self
- Avoid use of dull blades
- Retract the blade when finished
- Use self-retracting cutters.
- wear safety gloves (refer to ANSI standards to confirm gloves are appropriate for purpose)

58
Q

What is a lathe?

A

A rotary machine tool that turns a workpiece on an axis.

59
Q

What are safety considerations for operation of a lathe?

A
  • Use a barrier guard when in automatic or semi-automatic mode.
  • Keep all cutting tools sharp.
  • Ensure the chip and coolant shields are in place.
  • Deenergize before mounting or removing accessories.
  • Stop the lathe before taking measurements of any kind.
60
Q

What are safety considerations for a table saw?

A

There should be a guard, high enough and wide enough to cover the exposed blade.

The blade should be set to be no more than 3mm (1/8 inch) above the height of the piece being cut.

A riving knife should be installed behind the blade to keep the piece from clamping the blade and causing kickback.

61
Q

What are safety considerations for a drill press?

A

Use a clamp or vise to prevent work from spinning.

Lock the drill bit or cutting tool in the chuck

Remove the chuck key before starting the drill press.

Use lubricant when drilling metal.

Reduce drilling pressure when breaking through the workpiece

62
Q

What are the four types of point of operation guard used with power presses?

A

Fixed enclosed guards

Fixed Barrier guards

Interlocked press barrier guards

Adjustable barrier guards

63
Q

What is “hot work”?

A

Working with ignition sources near flammable materials.

Example: welding and cutting.

64
Q

Describe the three main types of welding.

A
  • Arc welding & cutting
    Electrode attached to work and a current is passed through a welding rod or wire.
  • Gas-Shielded Arc Welding
    Arc welding where a consumable rod produces a gas at the weld site
  • Oxy-fuel Welding & Cutting
    Gases (commonly acetylene and oxygen) are burned to create a hot flame.
65
Q

What are the hazardous location classifications in the Canadian Electrical Code?

A

Class I
flammable gases or vapours

Class II
combustible dusts

Class III
easily ignited fibers or filings
>division 1 - hazardous concentrations are probably
>division 2 - hazardous concentrations are possible, but not likely in normal circumstances

66
Q

What are the 7 steps in lockout/tagout?

A

1, Prepare for shutdown
2, Notify all affected workers
3, shutdown equipment
4, isolate system from hazardous energy
5, dissipation/removal of stored energy
6, lockout/tagout
7, isolation verification

67
Q

When are robots most dangerous?

A

When in learning or teaching modes

68
Q

What are three things to keep in mind when near robotics?

A

Motionless robots may not remain motionless.

Don’t assume that robot patterns will remain the same, they can change.

Know the robot’s envelope (area of reach)

69
Q

What is FMEA?

A

Failure Mode and Effects Analysis

A common method used in chemical process safety to predict the possible failure modes, their causes, and when effects they would have on the system.

Sometimes this is called FEMECA
Failure Mode Effects and Critical Analysis

70
Q

What is HAZOP?

A

A Hazard and Operability Study.

A common method used in chemical process safety to identify hazards and explore how the hazards could affect operations.

A complex system is broken into smaller nodes which are then evaluated by a team.

71
Q

Discuss oxygen deficient environments in confined spaces.

A

Oxygen deficiency is defined at 18% O2, BUT oxygen levels must be above 19.5 - 23% O2 before entry is allowed (depending upon jurisdiction)

72
Q

Discuss some hazards of confined space entry.

A

Toxic gasses, vapours.

Oxygen deficiency

Flammable gases

Electrical hazards

Falls from elevation

Engulfment

73
Q

What are some steps that should be taken to make a confined space safe when there is usually a hazardous gas being piped into the space?

A

1, Lockout the gas

2, blank/blind all the pipes to ensure that the gas remains off
(blanks/blinds must cover the entire pipe diameter and be able to withstand the pressures of the system)

3, flush the confined space

4, test the space to ensure that the atmosphere is safe for entry

74
Q

What is the hierarchy of fall protection?

A

Like the hierarchy of controls:

1, Elimination
2, Guard or handrails
3, Fall restraint
4, Fall Arrest
5, Work Procedures

75
Q

What is passive fall protection?

A

Fall protection that takes no action, skill, or knowledge from the worker. Examples:

  • areal lifts & platforms
  • handrails and guardrails
  • safety netting
  • barricades
  • scaffolding

Passive fall protection is very effective at reducing risk in most circumstances, but is not always appropriate depending upon the context.

76
Q

What is active fall protection?

A

Fall protection that requires the worker to do something.

Fall restraint and fall arrest systems are active fall protection.

The worker must have equipment in good working order, know how to use it, and actually use it properly.

77
Q

What are the biological safety levels for laboratories?

A

Levels 1-4.

1 = agent does not usually cause illness

2 = moderate risk of illness if exposed

3 = infectious agents which are potentially fatal

4 = high risk transmission of a life-threatening disease which has no cure.

78
Q

What are the requirements for an emergency eyewash station?

A

1.5L/min for at least 15 minutes.

79
Q

What are the requirements for an emergency eyewash & facewash?

A

Available within 10 seconds.

11.4 L/min

80
Q

What are the requirements for an emergency shower?

A

75.7 L/min for at least 15 minutes

81
Q

What does ISMEC stand for?

A

Identification of the work

Standards

Measurement

Evaluation

Commendation and Correction

82
Q

How do you calculate sample variance?

A

1, For each value, minus the mean and then square the result.

2, Add (sum) all of the results together

3, Divide this number by n-1

83
Q

How do you calculate standard deviation?

A

SD = square root of sample variance.

1, For each value, minus the mean and then square the result.

2, Add (sum) all of the results together

3, Divide this number by n-1 to get sample variance.

4, square root the sample variance

84
Q

What angle of slope is usually required for unsupported excavation walls?

A

1 foot of slope for every 1 foot of depth.

85
Q

What is an RFP?

A

Request for Proposal

A document that requests for companies to make proposals based on a set of criteria.

86
Q

Who issues licenses under the explosives act?

A

The minister of natural resources.

87
Q

Discuss portable gauges as used in agriculture, construction, and civil engineering to measure soil compaction and asphalt density.

A

Portable gauges are types of radioactive device that measure attenuation of radiation to determine the compaction of soil or density of asphalt.

They come in two designs.
- Direct Transmission
a hole is punched into the ground and a rod is inserted. The detector remains above ground.

  • Backscatter
    Measures reflected radiation when direct transmission is not an option. This is less accurate.
88
Q

What size of gap in a barrier is considered safe to prevent fingers from contacting moving mechanical parts?

A

A 3/8 inch opening is considered safe.

Alternatively, 1/4 inch (6 mm)

89
Q

Compare simple interlock barriers with power interlock barriers.

A

Simple interlock - stops the machine when the barrier is opened.

Power interlock - Will not open when the machine is powered/operating.

90
Q

Discuss air-line respirators.

A

Air-line respirators deliver breathing air through a supply hose connected to the wearer’s face piece or head enclosure. The breathing air comes from a compressor or compressed air cylinders. These devices should be used only in non-IDLH atmospheres or atmospheres in which the wearer can escape without the use of a respirator.

Air-line respirators operate in three modes; demand, pressure demand, and continuous flow. The respirators are equipped with half face pieces, full face pieces, helmets, hoods, or loose-fitting face pieces.

Demand air-line respirators are equipped with either half or full-face pieces. They deliver airflow only upon inhalation, creating a negative pressure with respect to the outside of the respirator. They are not recommended because of this.

91
Q

How much strength does a rope retain when the following knots are used?

Bowline
Figure Eight
Double Figure Eight

A

Bowline 50%
Figure Eight 90%
Double Figure Eight 100%

92
Q

What types of dust exposure cause the following lung diseases?

  • Siderosis
  • Stannosis
  • Aluminosis
  • Fibrosis
  • Berylliosis aka CBD (Chronic Beryllium Disease)
  • Anthricosis
  • Metal Fume Fever
A
  • Siderosis
    Iron
  • Stannosis
    Tin
  • Aluminosis
    Aluminium
  • Fibrosis
    Titanium
  • Berylliosis aka CBD (Chronic Beryllium Disease)
    Beryllium
  • Anthricosis
    Carbon
  • Metal Fume Fever
    Zinc, Copper, or Magnesium
93
Q

Describe the following pressure vessel safety devices:

-Spring-Loaded Safety -Valve
-Rupture Disk
-Vacuum Breakers
-Water Seals
-Vents
-Regulating/Reducing Valves

A

-Spring-Loaded Safety -Valve
Common spring-devices used on pressure vessels

-Rupture Disk
Breakable disks that break at a specified pressure.

-Vacuum Breakers
Can be spring loaded valves, check valves, or weight balanced breakers. - specifically designed to prevent collapse from vacuum.

-Water Seals
U-bend filled with water connecting vessel to atmosphere

-Vents
Pipes that relieve pressure by venting to atmosphere

-Regulating/Reducing Valves
Release high pressure steam to maintain the vessel at a specific operating pressure

94
Q

Above what height is fall protection required when working on an unguarded platform?

A

3m

Canadian RST Preparation (9 decks)

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