applied science bio Flashcards
bio
1
Q
magnification
A
2
Q
magnification conversions
A
millimeter (mm) = 1000 micrometers (μm)
1 centimeter (cm) = 10 millimeters (mm)
3
Q
animal cell
A
4
Q
what is the plasma membrane?
A
protects the cell from it surroundings
5
Q
what is the cytoplasm?
A
where chemical reaction happen
6
Q
what is the nucleus?
A
The nucleus controls and regulates the activities of the cell
7
Q
what is the nucleolus?
A
produce ribosomes
8
Q
what is a ribosomes?
A
where proteins are made
9
Q
what is RER?
A
where proteins are made
10
Q
what is SER?
A
where lipids are made
11
Q
what is vesicles?
A
small membrane that transport and stores substance in the cell
12
Q
what is Golgi apparatus?
A
takes protein modifies them and transport to vesicles
13
Q
what is Lysosomes?
A
Lysosomes help break down, or digest, certain materials inside the cell.
14
Q
what is centrioles?
A
helps during cell division
15
Q
what is mitochondria ?
A
this where respiration happens
16
Q
two types of cells ?
A
prokaryotic cells and eukaryotic cells
17
Q
what cell are prokaryotic cells?
A
bacteria cells
18
Q
what cells are eukaryotic cells?
A
animal and plant cells
19
Q
what is the structure prokaryotic cells?
A
20
Q
what is the nucleoid?
A
contains the DNA
21
Q
what is the caspule?
A
the outermost layer of an organ for protection
22
Q
what is the cell wall?
A
support and protect and keeps the cells shape
23
Q
what is the plasmids?
A
double stranded DNA and copy DNA
24
Q
what is gram positive?
A
thicker cell wall to absorb stain
25
what is gram negative?
thin cell wall that does not absorb stain
26
what is the plant cell structure?
27
what is chloroplasts?
where photosynthesis happens
28
what is the vacuole?
stores water and other substance in the cell
29
what is the tonoplasts membrane?
controls movement of molecules in and out the vacuole
30
what is the amyloplasts?
to store starch
31
what is the pits?
to allow communication between one cell and other plant hormone
32
what is the main function palisade mesophyll?
1.contain lots of chloroplasts
2.large vacuole
3.thin cell walls to allow diffusion
33
what is main function root hair cell?
1.increase it surface area
2. photosynthesis does not take place
3. collect water and minerals for the cell
34
what is the main function of the sperm cell?
1. The heads contains genetic material 23 chromsomes
2. a tail to helps swim to egg cell
3.mid region has mitochodria which sperm cell energy
35
what is the main function of the egg cell?
1.23 chromsomes in the nucleus join with sperm cell
2.zona pellucida stops more then one sperm getting in
36
what is the main function of white blood cells?
destroy pathogens and produce antibodies and antitoxines
37
what is the main function of red blood cells?
1.carry out oxygen around the body
2. their shaped like a bioncave which gives large surface area
3. small and flexiable squeeze through the capillares
38
what is neutrophils?
help protect your body from infection by killing bacteria
39
what is lymphocytes?
natural killer cells and produce antibodies to protect the cell
40
what is the epithelial tissue?
form the coverings and linings of surfaces
41
what are the two types tissue in the lungs?
columnar epithelium and squamous epithelium
42
what is the function of columnar epithelial cells?
found in the trachea and bronchi
they have lots of mitochondria
cillia move mucus away from the lungs
goblet cells produce mucus
42
what is the function of Squamous epithelium?
flat and thin with egg shaped nuclei
one cell thick
good for diffusion
43
what happens when person get
(COPD)
CILLIA slows down and stop beating
mucus builds in the airways
less gas exchange
44
what is the main function of the arteries?
take blood away from the heart
45
what is main function of veins?
takes blood to the heart
46
what is function of capillaries?
ting blood vessels
47
what is cause atherosclerosis?
fatty deposits can block artery or lead to blood clots blocking it
smoking or high blood pressure
48
describe the structure of the 3 types of blood vessels
Arteries:
Function: Carry oxygen-rich blood away from the heart to the body's tissues.
Structure:
Thick, strong walls: These walls are composed of three layers: the tunica intima (innermost), tunica media (middle, containing smooth muscle and elastic tissue), and tunica externa (outer, containing connective tissue).
Elastic tissue: Allows arteries to stretch and recoil with each heartbeat, helping maintain blood pressure.
Narrow lumen: The central opening through which blood flows, helps maintain high pressure.
Veins:
Function: Carry oxygen-poor blood back to the heart.
Structure:
Thinner walls than arteries: The tunica media is thinner, and the tunica externa is thicker.
Larger lumen than arteries: The central opening through which blood flows is wider, facilitating blood flow.
Valves: Prevent backflow of blood, especially in veins in the limbs, where blood must be pumped against gravity.
Examples: Vena cava, veins returning blood from the limbs and organs.
Capillaries:
Function: Connect arteries and veins, facilitating the exchange of gases (oxygen and carbon dioxide), nutrients, and waste products between the blood and body tissues.
Structure:
Thin walls: Only one cell layer thick (tunica intima), allowing for easy diffusion of substances.
Extensive network: Form a network throughout the body, ensuring that all tissues are close to a capillary for exchange.
Examples: Capillary beds in organs like the lungs, kidneys, and intestines.
49
describe the function of goblet cells and cilla cells?
Goblet Cells:
Function: Goblet cells are specialized epithelial cells that produce and secrete mucus, a sticky substance that coats the lining of the respiratory tract.
Role: The mucus produced by goblet cells traps inhaled particles, such as dust, pollen, bacteria, and viruses, preventing them from reaching the delicate tissues of the lungs.
Location: Goblet cells are found scattered throughout the respiratory tract, particularly in the airways (bronchi and bronchioles).
Cilia:
Function: Cilia are tiny, hair-like projections that line the respiratory tract, including the airways.
Role: The coordinated beating of cilia moves the mucus, along with the trapped particles, up and out of the airways, towards the throat, where it can be swallowed or coughed out.
Location: Cilia are found on the surface of the cells that line the respiratory tract, working in conjunction with goblet cells.
50
describe the effect on the alveoli and airways when you COPD?
the airways become narrowed and inflamed, and the air sacs (alveoli) are damaged, leading to difficulty breathing and impaired gas exchange
51
what is structure of the muscle?
52
how do muscle contract?
Myofibrils are made up of sarcomeres and these get shorter and longer
53
table for fast and slow twitch
54
what could athlete would have an abundance of each type?
55
what is the structure of nerve cell?
56
three types of neurons?
56
myelin sheaths
57
action potential
58
describe the motion of sodium positive and potassium positive during nerve impulse
sodium ions (Na+) rush into the neuron, causing depolarization, followed by potassium ions (K+) flowing out, leading to repolarization and restoring the resting potential
59
why doesn't a small stimulus produce a signal?
it doesn't reach the threshold potential needed to trigger an action potential
59
describe why signals travel faster through myelinated neurons
By acting as an electrical insulator, myelin greatly speeds up action potential conduction
60
what difference does it make if the strength of the stimulus increases
a stronger and faster response
61
what produces traces in a ECG?
the electrical activity of the heart, specifically the depolarization and repolarization of the heart muscle cells.
62
describe what happens in the heart?
Atria (Upper Chambers):
Function: The atria are responsible for receiving blood returning to the heart from the body and lungs.
Right Atrium: Receives deoxygenated blood from the body via the vena cava.
Left Atrium: Receives oxygenated blood from the lungs via the pulmonary veins.
Contraction (Atrial Systole): The atria contract, pushing blood into the ventricles below.
2. Ventricles (Lower Chambers):
Function: The ventricles pump blood out of the heart, to the lungs (right ventricle) or the rest of the body (left ventricle).
Right Ventricle: Pumps deoxygenated blood to the lungs via the pulmonary artery.
Left Ventricle: Pumps oxygenated blood to the rest of the body via the aorta.
Contraction (Ventricular Systole): The ventricles contract, forcing blood out of the heart into the arteries.
Relaxation (Ventricular Diastole): The ventricles relax, allowing them to fill with blood from the atria.
63
what is peacemaker and its functions ?
A peacemaker is someone who actively works to prevent and resolve conflicts, fostering understanding and cooperation, often through mediation and dialogue, and striving to create a more harmonious environment
64
what cause Parkinson's disease?
a loss of neurons that produce a chemical messenger in the brain
64
how does action potential pass across the synapse
they are either reabsorbed by the presynaptic neuron (reuptake), broken down by enzymes, or diffuse away, preventing continuous stimulation of the postsynaptic neuron
65
what cause Parkinson sense symptoms?
Loss of dopamine-producing nerve cells (neurons) in the brain, leading to impaired communication between the brain and muscles.
66
what is clinical depression?
67
how can treat clinical depression
Antidepressants, such as SSRIs (selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors) and SNRIs (serotonin-norepinephrine reuptake inhibitors), are often used to address the chemical imbalances in the brain that contribute to depression
68
how can treat Parkinson disease?
Medications are used to manage motor symptoms like tremors and rigidity, and some can also help with non-motor symptoms like depression and anxiety
68
outline the ways that drugs can interfere with normal synapse function?
Stimulating the release of a neurotransmitter.
Providing the chemicals needed to synthesise neurotransmitters.
Acting in the same way as a neurotransmitter by binding to the same specific receptor.
Preventing the reuptake of the neurotransmitter by the presynaptic neurone.
