Applied Statistics 1

Question 1

What are the two types of variable?

Answer 1

• Scale
• Categorical

Question 2

What are the two types of scale variable?

Answer 2

• Continuous
• Discrete

Question 3

What is a continuous variable?

Answer 3

Measurement on a continuous numerical scale

Question 4

What are the two types of categorical variable?

Answer 4

• Ordinal
• Nominal

Question 5

What is an ordinal variable?

Answer 5

Categories that can be ordered lor ranked

Question 6

What is a nominal variable?

Answer 6

Categories with no meaningful order

Question 7

What is the definition of a sample?

Answer 7

all of the subjects/ items that we collect data from in the study

Question 8

What is the definition of a population?

Answer 8

All of the possible subjects/ items that could have been included in the study

Question 9

What are descriptive statistics?

Answer 9

Statistics that summarise the data observed for the sample

Question 10

What are inferential statistics?

Answer 10

Methods which use the data from the sample to try to make conclusions about a wider population

Question 11

What are descriptive statistics?

Answer 11

• Generate summaries to describe key features of the dataset
• Organise and present our data in a meaningful way
• reduce a large amount data to a few relevant pieces of information
• Highlight potential relationships between variables

Question 12

What is Central Tendency?

Answer 12

What is the average value?

Question 13

What is the definition of variability?

Answer 13

How spread out the values are

Question 14

What is the definition of Distribution?

Answer 14

How many times each value occurs

Question 15

What does a bar chart present?

Answer 15

• Counts/ Percentages
• Can see the mode visually

Question 16

What does a frequency table present?

Answer 16

Presents counts or percentages

Question 17

What do bivariate statistics describe?

Answer 17

Two variables together

Question 18

What do inferential statistics describe?

Answer 18

Use the data from a sample to try make conclusions about a wider population

Question 19

When would you use a parametric test?

Answer 19

Use when the DV is continuous and test assumptions are satisfied

Question 20

When would you use a non-parametric test?

Answer 20

Use when the DV is ordinal, or DV is continuous

Question 21

What is the chi-squared test?*

* used for

Answer 21

Use to investigate whether there is an associated between two categorical variables

Question 22

What is the fishers exact test?

Answer 22

Alternative to the chi-squared test when assumptions about expected frequencies are not met

Question 23

What is pearsonns correlation?

Answer 23

Parametric method which explores the strength and direction of a linear relationship between two continuos variables

Question 24

What is simple linear regression?

Answer 24

The next step on from pearsonns correlation, used to predict the values of one of the variables (DV) based on the (IV)

Question 25

What do both Pearsons and Spearmanns correlations produce?

Answer 25

they produce a **correlation coefficient ** which is a value between -1 and 1 that indicates the strength and direction of the relationship between two variables

Question 26

When should you not use a parametric test?

Answer 26

when assumptions are not met as it may lead to an invalid result

Question 27

What is a normal distribution?

Answer 27

Symmetric probability distribution which follows a bell-shaped curve

Question 28

What does it mean when a variable is normally distributed?

Answer 28

values follow a pattern of a normal distribution

Question 29

What does the confidence interval give us?

Answer 29

Range of values around a parameter estimate within which we can reasonable confident that the true value lies

Question 30

What effects the width of the confidence interval?

Answer 30

* Standard error * Confidence level

Question 31

What does hypophysis testing begin with?

Answer 31

It begins with a research question- exploring a link between two variables

Question 32

What does a statistical test always assume?

Answer 32

Always assumes the null hyphophysis is true

Question 33

What is the definition of a p value?

Answer 33

The probability of observing a result that is equal to or more extreme than that for your data, assuming that the null hypophysis is true

Question 34

What is the purpose of the significance level?

Answer 34

If the p level is below the threshold, null hyophysis is rejected and the result is statistically significant

Question 35

What is a false positive?

Answer 35

Rejecting the null hyopophysis when it is true

Question 36

What is a false negative?

Answer 36

You do not reject the null hypophysis when it is false

Question 37

What is the definition of power?

Answer 37

The probability of rejecting the null hypophysis when we should

Question 38

What is the definition of effect?

Answer 38

the difference/association/relationship being investigated between groups or variables in a study

Question 39

What is the definition of effect size?

Answer 39

The Size/ Strength of the effect

Question 40

What is a one-tailed test?

Answer 40

A one-tailed test is a test where the alternative hypophysis specifies a specific direction of the effect/ relationship

Question 41

What is a two-tailed test?

Answer 41

allocates half of your alpha to testing statistical significace in one direction and the other half to testing significance in the other direction