Appraisal Final Review

Question 1

Fixed Plot

Answer 1

Cruiser measures ALL of the trees that
fall within the boundary of a plot.
* Probability of a tree falling in a plot is
based entirely on location and this
probability is NOT affected by the tree’s
size
* Each sampled tree (or other resource)
represents the same, constant number
of trees per acre, regardless of the size
of the tree (or other resource).

Question 2

What is a stand?

Answer 2

Definition: A Stand is an area of forest with common characteristics (e.g. tree species, age,
trees per acre). Once the common characteristics change, the new area is considered a
separate Stand.

Question 3

Circular Fixed Area Plot

Answer 3

The key is the classic Area of Circle Formula:
* If we want to know what the radius of a
1/50th acre plot, we figure:
* 1/50th in decimal form is 0.02
* An Acre is always 43,560 square feet in size
* 0.02 x 43,560 = 871.2 sq ft
* 871.2 = 3.14 x ( r2 )
* (871.2 / 3.14) = ( r2 )
* 277.5 = ( r2 )
* 277.5 = r
* 16.7 ft. = r
*
16.7’

Question 4

Tree Factor for Fixed Area Plots

Answer 4

• Always Constant for Fixed Area Plots
• Tree Factor for 1/50th Acre Plot is 50
• Tree Factor for a 1/100th Acre Plot is 100
• Tree Factor for 1/163rd Acre Plot is 163
• This means that whatever you found in your 1/163rd acre plot, there
  are 163 of them per acre for every one instance you found them in
  your plot.
• Examples:
• If you found only one 51” DBH Cottonwood, your plot suggests you have 163
  Cottonwood trees per acre in your forest that are 51” DBH in size
• If you found only one bird nest, your plot suggests you have 163 bird nests per acre
• If you found two 51” DBH Cottonwoods, your plot suggests you have 326 Cottonwood
  trees per acre in your forest that are 51” DBH in size. Since you found two instances on
  your plot 2 x 163 = 326

Question 5

Variable Area Plots

Answer 5

Many features are similar to fixed-area plot sampling
* number and location of sample points is similar
* establish a plot center
* measure DBH and height the same way

Question 6

Basal Area of a Tree

Answer 6

The basal area of a tree is defined as the cross-sectional area (usually
in square feet) of a single tree at breast height, or 4.5 feet above
ground.
* The diameter of a tree at 4.5 feet above the ground is called diameter
at breast height (DBH).
* This cross-sectional area is calculated as follows

BA= DBH^2*0.005454

Question 7

Basal Area per Acre

Answer 7

Basal area is the common term used to
describe the average amount of an area
(usually an acre) occupied by tree stems
* It is defined as the total cross-sectional area
of all stems in a stand measured at breast
height, and expressed as per unit of land area
(typically square feet per acre)
* Common metric for expressing stand
conditions

Question 8

Variable Area Plot

Answer 8

To determine which trees are IN the
“plot,” stand at the sample point using
an instrument that projects a fixed
horizontal angle to “sight in” a diameter
for every tree at a fixed height, usually
taken to be breast height – trees thicker
than the angle are “IN”
* Relaskop
* Prism

Question 9

Plot Radius Factor/Limiting Distance

Answer 9

You can also determine “in” and “out” trees by another method for
Variable Area Cruises. In fact, this method is the ultimate authority.
The other methods are sort of shortcuts.
* You can find out if a tree is “in” or “out” by multiplying it’s DBH by a
Plot Radius Factor (PRF). Each unique BAF has it’s own PRF. For a 40
BAF, the PRF is 1.375
* To use this, simply multiply the DBH of your tree by the PRF of 1.375 to get
your Limiting Distance. For a 51” Cottonwood Tree, this process would look
like this: 51” DBH x 1.375 PRF = 70.1 ft.
* So 70.1 ft is our Limiting Distance for this tree. If this tree is located within
70.1 feet of my plot center, it is considered an “in” tree. If it is further away
than 70.1, then it is an “out” tree.

Question 10

Definition of PRF

Answer 10

Plot Radius Factor

Question 11

Assess BA/Acre using varible area plots

Answer 11

EASY to assess Basal Area per Acre this way!
* Stand Basal Area estimates are found by multiplying the number of
tallied trees by the so-called Basal Area Factor, or BAF, which is
directly tied to the size angle that is projected – no measurements
needed !
* Example
* If I use a 40 BAF to cruise a plot and I find that only 2 trees are “in”, then I can
calculate my BA/Acre as follows: 2 x 40 = 80 sq ft

Question 12

Tree Factor for Variable Area Plots

Answer 12

TF= BAF/BA

Question 13

Tree Factor for
Variable Area Plots

Answer 13

So let’s dig into that. For a plot, let’s assume we have two Cottonwood
trees (each are 51” DBH), and our method of getting was a 40 BAF
Variable Area Plot.
* TF1 = 40 / (0.005454 x 512 )
* TF1 = 40 / 14.2
* TF1 = 2.8
* So our tree factor for ONE of these trees is 2.8. Since we found TWO
for these trees on our plot, our plot suggest we have a total of 5.4
Cottonwood trees per acre which are 51” DBH in size.

Question 14

Random Sampling

Answer 14

There are two general types of sampling systems which are used in
association with fixed area plots: random and systematic. Random
sampling assumes that the location of each sampled area is randomly
determined. In these cases, you would need to randomly locate on a
map the places of the fixed area plots.

Question 15

Systematic Sampling

Answer 15

Systematic sampling assumes that the location of the sampled areas is
dependent on the location of the first sampled area, and the density
of sampling areas required to meet the nominal (planned) sampling
intensity. Each fixed area plot is spaced apart from the others in a
regular pattern across the landscape (Figure C). The advantage of this
system is that it allows one to navigate much easier to each sample
location than when using randomly located plots.

Question 16

Count plot

Answer 16

A plot in which only “in” trees are counted and recorded
by species. No measurements or grades are made.

Question 17

Cruise plot

Answer 17

A plot in which “in” trees are counted and cruised
including DBH, form factor, bole height, grades and defect are
recorded. May be referred to as “measure plots” or “grade plots”.

Question 18

Common Cruise Plot Measurements

Answer 18

“IN” & “OUT” Trees
* Tree Species
* DBH (Diameter @ 4.5’ above ground)
* Total Height (Total Height to Tree Top)
* Merchantable Height (total height of the stem of a tree from the ground to a minimum size top
diameter representing the customary log utilization.)
* Form Factor (The ratio of taper measured by diameter outside bark measured at the form
point (usually 16 feet above the stump) to the diameter at breast)
* Percent Live Crown (The percentage of tree covered by living branches)
* Log Defect (The amount of wood unsuitable for utilization as lumber or fiber. Usually
represented as a percentage of the gross volume)
* Log Segments (The number of logs within a tree)
* Log Grades (A classification of a log or log segment by standardized grading rules such as
the NW Log Rules Advisory group)
* Log Sort (A classification of a log or log segment by product utilization. Often defined by the
intended destination of the log. ie. Domestic Sawlog , Export Log, Pulp, Peeler/Veneer Mill,
Pole)

Question 19

Form Point

Answer 19

The point at which the tree’s bole shape turns from
convex to concave. By convention this is set at 16 feet from the stump
height.

Question 20

Form factor

Answer 20

The ratio of taper measured by diameter outside bark
measured at the form point (usually 16 feet above the stump) to the
diameter at breast

Question 21

Horizontal Distance

Answer 21

The true geographical
distance two objects are from one another
independent of slope

Question 22

Slope Distance

Answer 22

The distance between two
objects by following a sloped surface

Question 23

Scribner Board Feet

Answer 23

(a Board Foot is 12” x 12” x 1”. Scribner Board
Feet is based on Log Diagrams that were converted to a chart).

Question 24

Measurement Units in a Forestry

Answer 24

Cubic Feet/Meters
* Tons
* Cords (4’ wide x 4’ high x 8’ long)

Question 25

How to Use a Scribner Chart

Answer 25

Scribner Tables always apply to the smaller of the two log diameters aka “small-end diameter” - Determine you small-end diameter - Determine your total log length - Subtract any length deductions assessed to your log for log defect - Find the intersecting volume on the Scribner Chart - Example: For a 12” Douglas-fir log with a total length of 40-feet length deduction of 6-feet - Find 12” - Find 34’ - This log has a NET Volume of 170 Board Feet - (It’s GROSS Volume is 200 Board Feet)

Question 26

What is a scaling cylinder

Answer 26

an imaginary cylinder based on the smaller end of the logs

Question 27

PRODUCT RECOVERY/ WHAT ARE THE VARIABLES? OVERRUN/UNDERRUN?

Answer 27

Accuracy of the scaler. * Saw kerf, Target Size. * Products manufactured. * Sawmill efficiency. * Log size. * Log Taper. * Amount and type of defect in logs.

Question 28

Product recovery numbers based on measurement type

Answer 28

Board foot = 80-250% recovery for lumber. * CF = 40-70% recovery or 6.5-10 BFlum/CF log (LRF). * BF plywood recovery = 2.5-3.5 MSF/MBF * CF plywood recovery = 1.5-2.0 MSF/CCF.

Question 29

Preferred Lengths

Answer 29

The log lengths a given mill prefers. Generally speaking, > 90% of logs delivered should be preferred lengths.

Question 30

Log Trim

Answer 30

The extra amount of length to add to account for wood loss through manufacturing. For example: A 40’ log with 12” of trim would be a log that measures 41’ in length. This allow for up to a foot of wood loss through the multiple cuts a log goes through in the mill

Question 31

Max Butt

Answer 31

The largest diameter allowed by a mill on large-end diameter. Logs with a large-end diameter exceeding this value will be “no-pay” logs.

Question 31

Sawlog

Answer 31

A log that is sawn into lumber

Question 32

Chip’n’Saw

Answer 32

Typically a log that has a 5” small end diameter and can make one 4x4 of lumber per length used and the rest is sawdust/pellets.

Question 33

Pulp

Answer 33

Pulp is low quality or undersized timber with the principal use of making wood pulp for paper production

Question 34

Oversize

Answer 34

A log that is too big for a sawmill’s capacity. Measured on the Butt End.

Question 35

Pole

Answer 35

A log that can serve as a large-scale pole. Often with little-to-no-defect. Taper must be balanced (not too extreme in either direction). Douglas fir and Red Cedar are the only common species in our region for this. Poles typically fetch the highest value of sawlogs.

Question 36

Peeler

Answer 36

A log that is cut with rotary milling technology into clear face-stock to be used as the veneer for commercial wood products.

Question 37

Common Domestic Log Grades – Douglas Fir

Answer 37

Douglas Fir * Peeler No. 1 * Peeler No. 2 * Peeler No,. 3 * Special Mill/Sawlog #1 * Sawlog #2 * Sawlog #3 * Sawlog #4

Question 38

Outer Bark

Answer 38

The outer bark is the tree's protection from the outside world. Continually renewed from within, it helps keep out moisture in the rain, and prevents the tree from losing moisture when the air is dry. It insulates against cold and heat and wards off insect enemies

Question 39

Inner Bark

Answer 39

The inner bark, or “phloem”, is pipeline through which food is passed to the rest of the tree. It lives for only a short time, then dies and turns to cork to become part of the protective outer bark

Question 40

Cambium Layer

Answer 40

The cambium cell layer is the growing part of the trunk. It annually produces new bark and new wood.

Question 41

Sapwood

Answer 41

Sapwood is the tree's pipeline for water moving up to the leaves. Sapwood is new wood. As newer rings of sapwood are laid down, inner cells lose their vitality and turn to heartwood

Question 42

Heartwood

Answer 42

Heartwood is the central, supporting pillar of the tree. Although dead, it will not decay or lose strength while the outer layers are intact. A composite of hollow, needlelike cellulose fibers bound together by a chemical glue called lignin, it is in many ways as strong as steel. A piece 12” long and 1” by 2” in cross section set vertically can support a weight of twenty tons

Question 43

Pith

Answer 43

Center of the tree. The original stem from which the tree grew

Question 44

D.o.b. (Diameter outside bark)

Answer 44

the diameter outside the bark as measured directly with a diameter tape or a Relaskop.

Question 45

D.i.b. (Diameter inside bark)

Answer 45

The diameter inside the bark. Since all logs are debarked at the mill, this the part of the log that is converted to lumber.

Question 46

Heartwood vs Sapwood

Answer 46

Heartwood has different lumber qualities than sapwood. Not as crucial for certain species like western hemlock, but it can be of paramount importance for lumber grades for other species like California Redwood.

Question 47

Springwood

Answer 47

The first wood to grow after budburst. The wood that grows springtime. Typically a much lighter color wood than Summerwood. Product of a faster growth than Summerwood, so the wood cells are less dense, less strong. Aka “earlywood”

Question 48

Summerwood

Answer 48

The wood that grows in the summer is typically growing in hotter, drier conditions and is a much denser wood. Noticeably darker than springwood

Question 49

Growth Rings

Answer 49

Tighter rings translates to denser wood. Higher quality wood has MORE growth rings per horizontal inch measured. This is an attribute of slower-growing wood * Lower quality wood has LESS growth rings per horizontal inch measured. This is an attribute of faster-growing trees.

Question 50

Increment Borer

Answer 50

Used to determine age of tree * Used to determine Annual Incremental Growth. * Annual Incremental Growth is the yearly amount of additional wood a tree has put on on average over a time-period of interest. * Increment Borer Parts: * Handle * Bit * Extractor/Spoon

Question 51

"Clear” Wood

Answer 51

Knot-free. Clear-grade wood is free from knots and blemishes, offering a pristine and elegant appearance

Question 52

Structural Lumber

Answer 52

It possesses the necessary structural integrity to withstand heavy loads and is often employed in framing, beams, and other load-bearing element. Knots are permitted in certain sizes, as long as they are sound, firm, tight, and well spaced. For structural timber like Douglas Fir, it is important know how many growth rings per inch the boards feature. Generally, you need boards with eight growth rings per inch or more, as this is considered dense structural timber. Growth ring density is not a concern when purchasing softer woods like Red Cedar or White Pine

Question 53

Studs

Answer 53

A lower quality lumber, but still used in construction. Lumber of this grade has strength and stiffness values that make it suitable for use as a vertical member of a wall.

Question 54

MBF

Answer 54

This is a very common appraisal term. It is the abbreviation for “1000 Board Feet”

Question 55

Station

Answer 55

This refers to 100’ of road

Question 56

Whitewood

Answer 56

A northwest conifer species that is NOT Douglas-fir, Spruce or Cedar. Examples: Western Hemlock, Noble Fir, Grand Fir, Subalpine Fir, Western White Pine

Question 57

Hardwood

Answer 57

Another term commonly used to describe deciduous trees. Examples: Red Alder, Bigleaf Maple, Cottonwood.

Question 58

Landing

Answer 58

The location where logs are yarded to. This is where they are processed, decked, and loaded onto trucks.

Question 59

Shovel Logging

Answer 59

Harvest System where logs are moved by using machines (shovels) that successively move trees or stems from one pile to another in the direction of the landing.

Question 60

Cable Logging

Answer 60

Taking the logs/trees from the stump area to the landing area, using an overhead system of winch-driven cables to which logs are attached with chokers

Question 61

Choker

Answer 61

A piece of cable end that wraps around a log(s) to fasten the log(s) to the yarding cables for transport to the landing

Question 62

Chokersetter/Rigging Crew

Answer 62

The workers in the unit that wrap chokers around the logs/trees

Question 63

Feller-Buncher

Answer 63

Grabs hold of trees and cuts them. * While still holding the cut tree it can direct the tree to fall where it wants - falling only

Question 64

Harvester

Answer 64

Grabs hold of tree the same as a Feller-Buncher but can also process the tree into logs in the woods. * Typically not as stout as a feller-buncher, so slower cutting * Not as flexible as a processor, so slower processing * But a good middle ground if you want a machine that can do both. This is an ideal machine for commercial thinning

Question 65

Processor

Answer 65

Cuts trees down into logs. * Measures lengths and diameters with sensors and computer programs in the cab that tell operator where to cut to optimize the log * This is a ‘dangle-head processor’, and it is ideal for grabbing lots of logs and processing them quickly

Question 66

Shovel

Answer 66

racked equipment with a grapple on the end * Used to yard/move logs or trees from the forest to the landing * Also used to load log trucks * The key piece of equipment for the logging method known as ‘shovel logging’

Question 67

Tethered-Logging

Answer 67

A Feller-Buncher or a Shovel is attached to a cable and lowered down the mountain * A anchoring machine is at the top landing. It spools out more cable as needed to lower the Shovel/Feller- Buncher down the mountain * The cable keeps the machine from sliding down the mountain. * This is used on steep slopes

Question 68

Forwarder

Answer 68

typically used in commercial thinning. This machine walks through the thinning unit and picks up logs, sets them in its bunks and transports them back to the landing where it unloads them and then repeats the process.

Question 69

Tower Yarder

Answer 69

Uses cables known as ‘guylines’ to anchor it in place. * Has one skyline that hangs over the yarding corridor and lowers and pulls back the carriage with logs attached * Used for steep slope logging * Can yard logs from 2,000’ away

Question 70

Swing Yarder

Answer 70

A much smaller cable yarding system. * As the carriage and logs get to the landing, the machine turns clockwise and lowers it’s cables to set the log load down on the landing * Used for much shorter distance logging (100’ – 800’) * Does not necessarily need guylines to anchor it, so rig-up time is much shorter. Trade off is that it doesn’t get as high of clearance and also cannot yard as much weight per load. * The term for the weight of a cable yarding turn is “payload"

Question 71

Yoder

Answer 71

Similar to a swing yarder, but with a jointed boom. More flexible but cannot yard as much payload as a swing yarder.

Question 72

Short-Logger

Answer 72

Has a ‘truck’ (the logs on the front part near the cab) and a ‘pup’ (the trailer end) * Capable of hauling short logs (12’-24’) * Not capable of hauling logs greater than 24’

Question 73

Long-Logger

Answer 73

Most common type of log truck. Capable of hauling ~35 tons of logs. * Hauls long logs (32’ – 44’)

Question 74

Mule-Train

Answer 74

Hauls one end of long logs (32’ -40’) plus one pup trailer of short logs (12’- 16’)

Question 75

“Whole-Tree Yarding”

Answer 75

Wrapping the chokers around the entire cut tree

Question 76

“Fell & Buck”

Answer 76

After the tree is felled, the cutter uses a loggers tape and specs to hand-cut logs (chainsaw) from the tree. These logs are then yarded to the landing.

Question 77

Stumpage Sale

Answer 77

Timber Sale awarded for the timber as it stands; uncut, unyarded, unshipped. Up to the successful bidder to figure out how to cut, yard, and ship wood to a mill.

Question 78

Delivered Log Sale

Answer 78

The timber owner is paid by deliveries into the mill

Question 79

Lump Sum

Answer 79

Bidder pays one sum for the rights to log the Stumpage Sale

Question 80

‘By Scale’ / ‘Pay-As-Cut

Answer 80

sales are based on prices per unit volume. For example For example, a buyer would agree to purchase all DF saw logs for $500 per MBF, maple saw logs for $120 per MBF, and hardwood pulpwood for $4 per ton. Prices are typically agreed on and paid by volume and species regardless of quality

Question 81

Forest inventory

Answer 81

The systematic collection of data and forest information for assessment or analysis.

Question 82

Sustained Yield Concept

Answer 82

Generally concerned with wood production over time * Should provide a flow of products that is not diminished over time by the management of the forest. * Growth and removals are balanced over an extended time horizon (several rotations) Area method of regulation * Dividing the forest into as many areas (units or stands) of equally productive capacity as there are years in the rotation and cut one each year * If they are equal in area, but not productivity, the annual yield will vary, but the forest will be sustainable.

Question 83

Volume method of regulation

Answer 83

Determine the allowable annual or periodic cut in terms of volume with due regard for: * Growing stock – current and desired * Rates of growth – current and potential

Question 84

Diameter Distribution of regulation

Answer 84

Similar to volume regulation, but is more applicable to uneven-aged management

Question 85

Growth Models

Answer 85

Forest and natural resource management decisions are often based on information collected on past and present resource conditions. * This information provides us with not only current details on the timber we manage (e.g., volume, diameter distribution) but also allows us to track changes in growth, mortality, and ingrowth over time. * We use this information to make predictions of future growth and yield based on our management objectives. * Techniques for forecasting stand dynamics are collectively referred to as growth and yield models. * Growth and yield models are relationships between the amount of yield or growth and the many different factors that explain or predict this growth

Question 86

Describe Swiss needle cast.

Answer 86

A foliage disease that prevents the needles from photosynthesizing. Only found impacting Douglas fir growing near the ocean. Infections take place in late spring and early summer. Spores are spread via wind and splash.

Question 87

Describe laminated root rot.

Answer 87

* Laminated root rot, caused by the fungus is responsible for an annual estimated volume loss of 32 million cubic feet in the West Side Douglas-fir type. Surveys indicate approximately 5% of the area of highly susceptible host types in Oregon and Washington is out of production because of this disease. * It causes growth loss, butt decay, uprooting, and tree mortality * Highly susceptible- * Douglas-fir * Mountain hemlock * Pacific silver fir, white fir, and grand fir * Intermediately susceptible * Spruces * Larch * Western hemlock, * Red fir, noble fir, and subalpine fir * Tolerant * lodgepole, sugar, and western white pine; * Resistant- * ponderosa pine, western red and incense cedar-, * Immune * hardwoods. * The fungus can survive for decades in large old stumps or roots; * new hosts are infected when their roots contact old infected material; tree to tree spread occurs across root grafts and contacts; * infection centers are generally small (less than 1 acre) and scattered on West Side, large on East Side; * trees of all ages are affected; secondary attack by bark beetles is common