Appraising Diagnostic Research

Question 1

Reference Interval

Answer 1

range of scores that captures individuals without a movement problem.

Question 2

Cohort Designs

Answer 2

most common design for development of diagnostic test.

Question 3

Prospective cohort study

Answer 3

group of participants who are likely to develop a condition or outcome are followed into the future.

Question 4

retrospective design

Answer 4

researchers look back in medical records for information about their participants that relates to their research question

Question 5

prospective studies of diagnostic tests plan to collect what?

Answer 5

collect data on both the clinical test under the study and a gold standard comparison test

Question 6

prospective design can be either

Answer 6

cross sectional or longitudinal

Question 7

cross sectional study

Answer 7

participants are sampled and measured at one point in time (prospective, cross-sectional) data obtained once and within a short time frame

Question 8

longitudinal design

Answer 8

participants are followed over a longer time frame to determine is target condition is confirmed.

Question 9

Quality assessment of diagnostic accuracy studies (QUADS)

Answer 9

includes 14 questions to guide the appraisal of the applicability and quality of diagnostic study.

Question 10

A dichotmous variable has how many categories ?

Answer 10

2 - an example of this (gender: female and male)

Question 11

continuous variables used for diagnostic studies -

Answer 11

has a specific cutoff point is determined to define a positive and negative result

Question 12

false postitive

Answer 12

person is negative for the condition according to the gold standard but tests positive on the reference test

Is a type I error - alpha

Question 13

false negative

Answer 13

person test positive on the gold standard but negative on the reference test

Type II error - beta

Question 14

sensitivity (snout)

Answer 14

ability to rule out a condition.
Does not have a lot of false negatives

Question 15

specificity (spin)

Answer 15

Ability to rule in a condition

Question 16

receiver operating characteristics curve

Answer 16

is a graphic representation of the sensitivity and specificity values that are generated from a series of cutoff points.

Question 17

positive predictive value

Answer 17

are computed from the rows in 2x2 table

Question 18

positive predictive value express what?

Answer 18

participants with a positive result on the reference test who also have a positive result on the gold-standard.

Question 19

negative predictive vale

Answer 19

participants with a negative result on the reference test who also have negative results on the gold-standard test.

Question 20

likelihood ratios

Answer 20

Change of probability

Question 21

positive likelihood ratio

Answer 21

expresses the numeric value of a positive test of the movement problem is present versus absent

Question 22

negative likelihood ratio

Answer 22

expresses the numeric value of a negative test if the movement problem is present

Question 23

pretest probability

Answer 23

can be estimated from the prevalence of the problem in the population

Question 24

posttest probability

Answer 24

the problem exists, thereby warranting performance of the test

Question 25

clinical prediction rules

Answer 25

sets of validated predictor variables that characterize patients and that are used to make a specific diagnosis, prognosis, or referral to another professional