Appraising Studies With Alt Designs

Question 1

Does the intervention begin before or after for single subject research (SSR)

Answer 1

After, establish baseline first

Question 2

What is a case study

Answer 2

Systematically reported single pt that does not include controlled manipulation of intervention or other experimental controls that are implemented in SSR

Lacks systematic control, implementation, eval of tx

Question 3

What are experimental designs

Answer 3

Intervention vs mechanistic

Direct result of intervention- does one tx produce outcomes that are superior

Question 4

Intervention study

Answer 4

Do pt get better with this tax compared to when they do not have to

Question 5

Mechanistic study

Answer 5

If i give mouse saccharine, how does this change chemical signaling and how might it affect cancer risk

(Mostly science)

Question 6

True experimental

Answer 6

Experimental group and control
Random allocation
Random sampling

Question 7

Quasi-experimental

Answer 7

No control- ethical, cost
No random allocation- ethical, geographical, feasibility drop out in control
No random sampling- feasibility, time constraints, prevalence of condition, need to control for othe factors

Question 8

What is the same in context of intervention studies?

Answer 8

All have some. Tx or condition

Outcomes measured

Results are interpreted as whether differences in outcome are related to tx

Question 9

What is diff in context of intervention studies?

Answer 9

NOT RANDOMIZED

• ccontrol and tx groups can differ in tx and other unknowns
• statistically controlled
• rival hypotheses- could be something else and not the tx

Question 10

Prognostic

Answer 10

Observational studies that tell us about risk factors (exposures) for some outcome (condition)

ASSOCIATION not causation

Question 11

Diagnostic

Answer 11

Does PT test provide similar info to another gold standard test for a certain condition

Question 12

What are the strengths of qualitative data

Answer 12

Gives understanding of perspectives and needs
Help support or explain results indicated in quantitative analysis
Detailed information can be used to identify patterns of behavior

Question 13

Limitations of qual data

Answer 13

Small pop= not representative of larger demo
Data analysis time consuming
Subjective= bias

Question 14

Limitations of quant data

Answer 14

Limited number of response options
Complex sampling procedures
May not describe complex situation
Some expertise needed

Question 15

Qual and quant can be used together to produce

Answer 15

Mixed-methods study design

Takes advantage of strengths of each
Reduce limitations of each

Question 16

Types of qual research

Answer 16

Phenomenology- studying experiences of life
Ethnology- anthropological nature to study group behavior
Grounded theory-supporting an existing or new theory

Question 17

General process of qualitative research

Answer 17

Develop research Q
Identify sample
Collect data- interviews survey observ
Coding/analysis- identify themes, descriptive

Question 18

When do you need qual research

Answer 18

When research q is not simple yes/no
When u want to refine understanding of a topic from diff perspective
When you need to generate hypotheses

Question 19

Identify the sample

Answer 19

Small groups <10 are common
Not randomized
Methods and q will often justify sample size
Evolving

Question 20

Data acquisition

Answer 20

Structured interviews
Focus groups
Triangulation

Question 21

What is triangulation

Answer 21

Use of multiple data collection formats (interviews and recordings)
Multiple perspectives prevents PIGEONHOLING

Question 22

Mixed methods has many diff explanations

Answer 22

Sequential explanatory
“ exploratory
Concurrent embedded

Question 23

Sequential explanatory

Answer 23

QUANT before qual(explains results)

Ex- perform intervention then want to see why some ppl showed worsening w tx intervention

Question 24

Sequential exploratory

Answer 24

QUAL before quant

Ex- meet with pts to identify factors important to them, then use that infor to develop and test questionnaire

Question 25

Concurrent embedded

Answer 25

Qual data collected during quant study to help with interpretation Similar to seq explain- but not 2-phase study

Question 26

What are some key characteristics of single subject designs

Answer 26

Used for intervention type studies SEVERAL measurements are taken prior to intervention (baseline, A) Several outcome measurements are taken thru out duration of tx (B) Several outcome measures are taken after tx is finished (withdrawal , A)

Question 27

What’s the difference between single subject design vs case study?

Answer 27

SSD- prospective, controlled baseline, intervention and withdrawal pds, emphasis on scientific integ case study- retrospective (medical record), uncontrolled data acquisition (done as part of clininnccal care), CLINICAL INTEGRITy

Question 28

When do you use ABA design?

Answer 28

When tx can be withdrawn When trying to figure out if there was permanent change after tx (stretching) To determine if pt only experiences improvement during active tx OR -when there is expectation that only improvement during tx (TENS)

Question 29

ABAB design

Answer 29

Not typical in PT Expects change with tx is not permanent or sustained To better determine causation -improvement happens when and only tx is applied Helps you establish a cause- when i see improvement only when they have that tx then there is true causation

Question 30

ABACA

Answer 30

Test effect of sequential tx Tx cannot be given in combo Manual therapy followed by HEP

Question 31

Internal validity

Answer 31

Extent to which alternate explanations (beyond the tx of interest) can be ruled out Is it the tx or something else happening to explain what you see IN the experiment

Question 32

External validity

Answer 32

A study results can be generalized to the population How can the experiment be applied to pts outside of the study parameters Subject should rep typical pt with condition of interest Multiple subjects in study

Question 33

What is a celeration line

Answer 33

Line connecting average (median) of data at each phase of study (Steepness and direction of slope are useful) Drawback- linearity assumed

Question 34

What does detrending data mean

Answer 34

Timecourse alone may influence the outcome Baseline trend removed from tx phase

Question 35

Ex of detrending data

Answer 35

Recovery from ortho surgery | Early recovery from stroke

Question 36

2 SD band

Answer 36

Method for determining significant change from baseline If 2 data points exceed 2 SD range from baseline, then it’s significant