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Flashcards in Approaches Deck (33)
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1
Q

What is the Learning Approach?

A

The theory that all behaviour and development derive from our environment and are not innate

2
Q

Define SLT

A

Social Learning Theory outlines how people learn through observation

3
Q

What are the 4 steps that take place when a person both learns and replicates actions as a result of SLT?

A

Attention - focuses on the behaviour and the consequence that it brings (good or bad)
Retention - Stores observed behaviour in LTM
Reproduction - is able to reproduce the behaviour seen
Motivation - expectation of the same positive reinforcement that the observed behaviour received

4
Q

What are role models and how do they impact SLT?

A
  • A role model is a person that we associate with, this can be a friend, relative, celebrity, fictional character, etc
  • we are more likely to replicate their actions as we look up to them / observe their behaviour more
5
Q

What was the aim, procedure, and findings of the Bobo doll study conducted by Bandura (1961)

A

Aim - to see how SLT would affect children

Procedure - an all American test group of 36 boys and 36 girls were split into 3 groups of 12 boys and 12 girls. Each child was put in a room with an adult confederate, toys and a bobo doll. group 1 observed the adult being aggressive (hitting, shouting, etc) group 2 saw the adult being calm, and group 3 saw no role model at all

Findings - the children replicated the actions of their respective adult, with group 1 being the most aggressive. Boys were also more aggressive across the board than girls were

6
Q

Outline a the follow up study conducted by Bandura & Walters (1963)

A

After repeating the Bobo doll study with variations, they found that children were more likely to repeat the actions of the role model confederate when they were positively reinforced

7
Q

Bandura’s research AO3

A
  • Lacks ecological validity - was a lab study
  • Doll is inanimate - may have reacted, differently if a real person was used instead of the doll
  • Takes cognitive function into account
  • Does not explain why the boys were more aggressive than the girls were
8
Q

What is classical conditioning?

A

Learning through association

9
Q

What was the aim, procedure and findings of research into classical conditioning performed by Pavlov?

A

Aim - to see if dogs could associate a separate stimulus with food

Procedure - the dogs used in the study had vials attached to their cheeks to measure the amount of saliva the dogs produced at different times. Pavlov began to always ring a bell when the dogs were fed to see if the dogs would associate the bell with food

Findings - over time, the dogs associated the food with the bell. To the point where the dogs would salivate just as much as when they were about to be fed when the bell was rang and no food was given to them

10
Q

What is operant conditioning?

A

Learning through consequences

11
Q

Define positive reinforcement

A

Receiving a reward for a certain action

12
Q

Define negative reinforcement

A

An action which prevents something bad from happening (revising is negatively reinforced to reduce the chance of getting bad grades)

13
Q

Define punishment

A

An unpleasant consequence as a result of a certain action

14
Q

Outline the research Skinner performed into SLT

A

A rat was placed into a box that contained a lever, which would release food when pulled. The rat quickly learned to pull the lever for food. Supporting the idea of positive reinforcement

15
Q

SLT AO3

A
  • Support studies - Pavlov, Lil’ Albert, Skinner, Bandura
  • Introduced scientific methods to psychology
  • Not representative studies - most of the studies were performed using animals, not humans
  • Does not take memory/biological factors into account
  • neglects the influence of free will
16
Q

Define the psychodynamic Approach

A

The belief that behaviour results from inner conflicts of the mind. Freud believed that the unconscious mind motivates us through unconscious emotional drives

17
Q

What is the tripartite personality?

A

The belief that our personality consists of 3 main parts. The Id, Ego and Superego

18
Q

What is the ID?

A

Our biological personality, it fuels our innate drive for pleasure

19
Q

What is the Ego?

A

The personality motivated by the reality principle, it mediates the Id and the Superego through defence mechanisms

20
Q

What is the Superego?

A

The personality motivated by the morality principle, provides guilt for wrong doing

21
Q

What are the components of the mind?

A

Conscious mind - accessed whenever (Ego)

Preconscious mind - accessed with thought (Ego and some of the Superego)

Unconscious mind - accessed with the help of a psychologist (Superego and Id)

22
Q

What are defence mechanisms?

A

Mechanisms used to balance a conflict in the mind

23
Q

Define repression

A

used by the ego to hide disturbing memories within the unconscious mind where they cannot be accessed

24
Q

Define Displacement

A

Moving an impulse to a more acceptable response, such as being angry with your parents so you take your anger out on a younger sibling

25
Q

Define Denial

A

The denial of an existing (unpleasant) reality, such as still putting out food for a pet that has died

26
Q

What are the psychosexual stages of development?

A

Oral (0-1 years) - obsessed with sucking, an inability to move on from this stage will lead to a dependence on oral activities such as smoking

Anal (1-3 years) - obsessed with expelling/withholding faeces, an obsession at this stage will lead to obsessive tidiness or messiness and generosity

Phallic (3-5 years) - obsessed with masturbation, an inability to move on from this stage will lead to vanity, self-obsession, sexual anxiety, inadequacy, and envy

Latent (5-puberty) - all sexual drives are repressed, you cannot be fixated to this stage

Genital (puberty-death) - obsessed with masturbation and sexual intercourse, an obsession at this stage will result in a healthy adult

27
Q

Application of the psychosexual stages of development

A
  • Resulted in the first forms of talking therapy, which is the base for most forms of modern therapy
  • Can be used to explain disorders such as depression and schizophrenia, by showing how childhood has an effect on adult life
28
Q

Psychodynamic approach AO3

A
  • The concept of the Id, Ego and Superego are very abstract
  • Not falsifiable so not technically a scientific approach
  • Deterministic (rejects the idea of free will)
  • Recognises the influence of social and cultural factors, as it incorporates both nature and nurture
29
Q

Define the humanistic approach

A

Behaviour is derived from human belief, and how people perceive their actual self, and their ideal self

30
Q

What is self actualisiation?

A

Fulfilment of a persons potential. Maslow believed this took place when a person had congruency between their ideal self and their actual self

31
Q

What is Maslow’s heighrachy?

A

The hierarchy of basic needs which a person must meet before they are able to self actualise

– Self actualisation
/\ Esteem = achievement
/\ Love / belonging = friends, family, etc
/\ Safety needs = physical and monetary security
/\ Physiological needs = basic needs (water, food, etc)

32
Q

What is congruency?

A

Maslow believed congruency occurs when a person’s ideal self is like their actual self. Only can a person self actualise once this takes place

33
Q

Humanistic approach AO3

A
  • Widely used in the health industry to asses a checklist for helping patients understand what they need to be happy in life
  • Promotes therapists increase their clients self esteem and self worth to achieve their life goals
  • Holistic
  • Proposes a positive view on human nature