Approaches Flashcards
(43 cards)
Wudt and introspection
-Marked beginning of scientific psychology
-Used standardsied procedures
-Introspection: Thoughts, imags and sensations
-Introsepction used with structialsim
Wundt evaluation
-Scientific and forerunner
-Not scientific today, subjective
Learning approach: Behaviourist approach Assumptions
-Only behvaiour that can be obsereved and measured
-Rejected introspection for being too diffifcult to measure
-Relied on lab studies
-Baby is blank slate and gets experience
-Following Darwin, believed that all animals have same basic processes of learning
Behaviourist approach forms of learning
Classical conditioning and Operant conditioning
Classical conditioning
-Pavlov
-Learning through association
-dogs
Operant conditioning
-Skinner
-We operate on our environment
-Positive reinforcement, increases behaviour repeating
-Negative reinforcement , increases behaviour repeating
-Punishment , decereases behaviour repeating
-Piegon pecking disk = food pellet
-Rat Lever = food pellet
-Rat electrocution box lever = stops elecroctuon
Behvaiourist approach Evaluation
-Well controlled research
-Oversimplified, ignores human thought
-Real world application , token economy systems (operant)
-Environmental determinism, ignores freewill (skinner)
-Ethical issues
Learning Theory: Social Learning Theory Assumptions
-Agreed with behaviourists that behaviour is learned through experience
-Learning through observation and imiatation of others
-Learning is directly and indirectly learned through classical and operant conditioning
SLT parts
1) Vicarious reinforcement
2)The role of mediational processes
3)Identification
SLT Vicarious reinforcement
Indirect Learning
-Observes behaviour of others
-Imitation if their behaviour is reinforced
-Observes both behaviour and consequences
SLT The role of mediational processes
-Cognitive factors
1.Attention - the extent to which we notice certain behaviours
2. Retention - how well the behaviour is remembered
3.Motor reproduction - The ability of the observer to perform the behaviour
4.Motivation - The will to perform the behaviour determined by if it was rewarded or punished
-1&2= Learning of behaviour
-3&4= Performance of behaviour
-Learning and performance doesn’t need to occur together unlike traditional behaviourism
-Observed behaviours may be stored and reproduced later
SLT identification
-They identify with a role model
-Both imitated behaviour and observed behaviour is modelling
-Becomes role model if they possess similar characteristics to observer and are attractive and have high status
-May not be physically present can be online
SLT Research
-Bandura Bobo dolls
-Lab experiment of 36 boys and 36 girls 3-6 years old
-Split into 3 groups
Group 1: Agressive model
Group 2: Non agressive model
Group 3: Control group no model
-Agression arousal told not to play at first
-Group 1 imitated and most agressive
-Boys more agressive
-No difference in verbal agression between girls and boys
-Shows children imitate behaviour of role model despite agression
Experiment repeated but with differing condequences
Group 1: Praise
Group 2: Punished
Group 3: No consequences
-Group 1 most agresssive, Group 3, second agressive , Group 2 least agressive
-Shows imitation is more likely to occur when the model is positively reinforced, demonstrating the importance of vicarious reinforcement
SLT evaluation
-Cognitive factors
-CP: Little reference to biology, mirror neurons
-Contrived lab studies
-Real world application - meadia, social, cultural norms
-Reciprocal determinism
The cognitive Approach assumptions
-Internal processes can be studied scientifically
-Memory, perception and thinking
-These are private so studied through inferences
The cognitive approach parts
The role of schema and Theoretical and Computer models
The Cognitive approach : Role of Schema
-Cognitive processing affected by schema: Packages of ideas and information developed through experience
-Mental framework
-Babies born with simple motor schema for innate behaviours like sucking and grasping e.g graping schema is moving hand shaping the hand around the object in co-ordination with visual imupt
-Schema gets more sophisticated with age e.g concept of psychology
-Schema enables us to process lots of information quickly and this is iseful as a sort of mental shortcut that prevents us from being overwhelems by environemntal stimuli
-May also distort out intepretations of sensory infromation ,leading to perceptual errors
Cognitive approaches Theoretical and Computer models
-Cognitive pschologists use these to help undertand internal mental processes
-Theoretical models abstracts ad computer models are concrete things
-Theoretical model eg. Infromation processing approach, that suggests infromation flows through the congnitive system in a squence of stages, including imput,storage and retrieal as in the multi-store model
-Bases on the way computers function
-Computer models involve actually programming a comuter to see if such instructions produce a similar output to humans
-If they do we can suggest similar processes are happening in the human mind
-Such computional models of the mind have proved useful in the development of thinking machines or AI
Cognitive Approaches: The emergence of cognitive neuroscience
-The scientific study of the influence of brain structures on mental processes
-Broca identified how damage t the frontal lobe (now known as Broca’s area) can permanately impair speech production
-Recently with fMRI and PET scans, scientists been able to sytematically observe and describe the neurological basis of mental processes e.g research involving tasks that required use of episodic and semantic memory, Petersen showed how these different types of long term memory may be located on opposite sides of the prefrontal cortex
-Also central executive in WMM in in this similar area
-Scanning techniques proved useful in establishing the neurological basis of some mental disorders
-Link between parahippocampal gyrus and OCD is discussed , playing a role in processin unpleasant emotions
-The focus of cognitive nueroscience has expanded recently to include the use of computer-generated models that are designed to ‘read’ the brain
-This led to the devlopment of mind mapping techniques known as ‘brain fingerprinting’
-Possible future application can be to analyse the brain wave patterns of eyewitnesses to determine whether they are lying in court
Cognitive approach evaluation
-Scientific methods
CP: too abstract and thoeretical & artificial stimulu
-Real world application e.g AI & robots, treatment of depression and reliability of EWT
-Machine reductionism
-Soft determinsm
The biological approach assumptions
-Everything pschological is at frst biological
-All thoughts,feelings and behaviour have a physical basis
-Contratsed to cognitive approach that sees mental orcesses of the mind as sepetate from the physcial brain
The biological approach parts
The Neurochemical basis of behvaiour
The genetic basis of behaviour
Genotype & phenotype
Evolution and behaviour
Biological approach: The neurochemical basis of behaviour
-Actions of chemicals in the brain
-Much of thought relies on the chemical transmission in the brain
-Occurs using neurotransmitters
-Imbalance of neurochemicals in the brain has been implicated as a possible cause of mentl disorder e.g low levels of serontonin in OCD and overproduction of dopamine in schizophrenia
Biological approach : The genetic basis of behaviour
-Pschologcial characteristics such as intelligence are inherited in the same way as eye colour or height
-Tins studies used to investigate if pschological characteristics have a genetic basis
-Achieved by analysing concordance rates
-If a characteristic is genetic we expect all monozygotic twins to be concoordant
-Not true for dizygotic twins who share about 50% of the same genes
-In both cases envirnment is assume to be constant
