Approaches Flashcards

Question

Genital Stage

Answer 1

12 years + Child goes through puberty, id is no longer spread out, instead focused on reproductive organs Psychological trauma may not cause fixations

Answer 2

According to Freud, if a child experiences psychological trauma in any of the first 3 stages, they will repress the trauma in their unconcious mind. This will effect them throughout their life, and will result in psychosexual fixations Latent and Genital stage do not have fixations

Answer 3

Repressed psychological trauma can lead to oral fixations like being overly dependent and have habits like smoking and biting their nails

Answer 4

Anally retentive become neat and organised and money Anally expulsive struggle to controlling their emotions

Answer 5

If the oedipus/electra complex are not resolved, the child will repress the trauma. If they are particularly jealous and/or anxious

Answer 6

Hans' dad made notes about H's behaviour and dreams and sent them to Freud, he was very scared of horses and was curious about his penis - phallic stage Hans didn't like his father or newborn sister - sharing his mums attention - oedipus complex Frued suggested his fear of horses was actually his fear of his dad which had been displaced

Answer 7

- only found support for the stages using one case study, cannot be generalised to the wider population. - self report method: responses may not be objective, from his father and no empirical evidence - case study is a non-experimental method, didn't manipulate an IV therefore, cannot test cause/effect

Answer 8

+ Freud was one of the first psychologists to investigate psychological causes for psychological disorders, rather than spirits etc. he found childhood experiences relate + balances idiographic and nomothetic approach, detailed case studies (I) and the tripartate structure applying to everyone (N)

Answer 9

there was no way of directly observing the unconscious mind, meaning his studies weren't based on empirical data, meaning his studies are unfalsifiable and not scientific, as well as this the idiographic methods of case studies means results cannot be generalised androcentrism - gender bias and relies on outdated gender stereotypes

Answer 10

perception - mental processing of stimuli in the environment attention - how the mind selects which stimuli to focus on memory - how the mind stores information

Answer 11

input = process = output the mind works like a computer

Answer 12

cognitive psychologists measure behaviour and then make inferences on how mental processes work using inferences to refine theoretical models

Answer 13

Have limited capacity Usually occur in sequence Sometimes can occur in parallel

Answer 14

When we experience something new, we have prior expectations. We have mental frameworks from our previous experiences known as schemas - ie you go to a new restaurant and expect to be given a menu by a waiter, given a bill at the end. everyone's schemas are informed by different schemas, meaning everyone has different schemas. As a result, everyone behaves differently

Answer 15

When a new experience matches our schema and is incorporated into our schema, it is assimilated When we remember an experience, we may change details to assimilate the experience into our schema (A+A) When an experience does not match our schema, we have to accomodate our schema

Answer 16

Bartlett had english ppts read a navajo folk tale, he measured how many details they got wrong when they recall the story. he found that they change parts of the story to match their own schemas

Answer 17

the scientific study of the influence of brain structures on mental processes

Answer 18

Advances in brain scanning technology has allowed scientists to describe the neurological basis of mental processes. Including research in memory and different links to disorders

Answer 19

John B Watson said it should be based on empirical evidence Behaviour is learned Only concerned about behaviour that can be observed Can use animals to reach conclusions about humans [Animals and humans have the same learning mechanisms - their justification]

Answer 20

Learning through association Pavlov's dogs UCS - UCR (food - saliva) NS - No response (Bell - nothing) UCS+NS (Bell + Food) repeat over and over CS + CR (Bell - Saliva)

Answer 21

Learning through reinforcement, maintained by consequences Put rats and pigeons in specially designed boxes. When the lever was activated, pellets of food were rewarded. A desirable consequence led to the behaviour being repeated. (+ve reinforcement) Another variation had an electric grid, rats would press the lever to avoid the shocks, the rats learned to press the lever to eliminate the unpleasant consequence (-ve reinforcement)

Answer 22

Positive reinforcement: Reward for an action makes us repeat it (pocket money for cleaning) Negative reinforcement: The negative outcome is removed, making you more likely to repeat it (cleaning room makes mum stop nagging) Punishment: when a negative outcome makes us more likely not to repeat (not cleaning my room so mum grounded for a week, will make sure tom cleans his room from now on)

Answer 23

+ scientific: based on empirical evidence, Skinner was able to control extraneous variables in his lab experiment, therefore there was high internal validity and reliability +real world applied to treat and understand. the learning mechanisms can be used to treat (classical conditioning can replace any negative associations)

Answer 24

- reductionist: ignores the mental processes, biological factors and behaviours. It only focuses on the nurture side of the nature nurture debate, as it believes we are born with a clean slate and all behaviours are learnt. - animal research: both ethical issues and cannot be generalised.

Answer 25

Albert Bandura agreed with the behaviourist approach, that learning occurs through experience and also proposed that learning takes place through

Answer 26

Individuals observe other people's behaviour and take note of its consequences. Behaviour that is seen to be rewarded (reinforced) is much more likely to be copied than behaviour that is punished

Answer 27

attention: whether behaviour is noticed retention: whether behaviour is remembered motor reproduction: being able to do it motivation: the will to perform the behaviour unlike behaviourism, learning and performance don't have to occur together

Answer 28

Children are more likely to imitate the behaviour of people they identify as role models. Role models are similar to the observer, tend to be attractive and have high status

Answer 29

Children saw an adult either behaving aggressively or non-aggressively to a bobo doll When given their own bobo doll, the children who witnessed the aggressive behaviour towards the bobo doll acted more aggressively towards the doll. Children saw an adult being either: rewarded, punished, neither rewarded/punished When given their own dolls, the children who saw the aggression being rewarded were much more aggressive

Answer 30

Suggests that children are likely to imitate acts of violence if they observe this in a role model. It is also the case that modelling aggressive behaviour is more likely if the behaviour is rewarded (vicarious reinforcement)

Answer 31

+ can account for cultural differences in behaviour, explains how cultural norms are transferred, for example children understand their gender roles by imitating role models. +

Answer 32

- undermines the influence of biological factors, a constant finding in Bandura's experiments was that the boys were more aggressive than the girls regardless of the experimental condition, may be explained by the difference in testosterone levels which can be linked to aggression and is higher in boys. - Relies too heavily on lab experiments, raises demand characteristics, the children may have acted in different ways to their everyday lives

Answer 33

1)All humans have free will 2) Everyone is unique (we cannot generalise) 3) What makes humans different from animals

Answer 34

H cannot generalise findings from experiments to everyone as they believe everyone is unique H also beleve everyone has free will meaning that they may choose to behave differentlhy in experiments meaning the results cannot be replicated, meaning the study lacks external validity

Answer 35

He ranked human needs and how important they are. As the needs are fulfillef, we move up the hierarchy. Once we have reached the top of the hierarchy (self-actualisation), we have reached full human potential.

Answer 36

Basic needs: physiological (warmth, food and water) Safety (shelter) Psychological needs: love and belonging Esteem (respect) Self-actualisation: knowledge and understanding, creative expression and experiencing beauty we cannot say what it looks like for everyone because we assume everyone is unique and has different human potential

Answer 37

Used counselling to help patients reach their full potential and be happy Self-concept: how we see ourselves Ideal self: how we would like to be

Answer 38

Where the self-concept and ideal self line up someone is exactly how they dream of being Roger's believes if someones selves are congruent, they will be able to reach their potential, if not they may experience psych issues (depression, anxiety and insecurity) they would benefit from humanistic counselling

Answer 39

when someone wants to be something they're not, they have conditions of self-worth. What they think they need to change about themselves to have self-worth can be self-imposed or by other peoples expectations

Answer 40

Humanistic counselling will remove conditions of worth, no COW means we receive UPR. HC = receive UPR = removal of COW = achieve congruence

Answer 41

When our self-concept and ideal self are congruent by having no conditions of worth, we have self-actualised * different to Maslow's self-actualisation

Answer 42

Origin of Psychology Psychodynamic Behaviourist Cognitive Biological (in parallel with all)

Answer 43

We can explain behaviour mainly in terms of biological factors Genetics and evolution genes affect behaviour by changing processes in the brain

Answer 44

Our DNA is divided into segments called genes Each gene controls the production of one specific protein Genes control our physical traits

Answer 45

An allele is a different version of a particular gene (i.e eye colour) When a gene has different possible alleles, the trait has genetic variation Genetic inheritance is when a gene allele has been passed on from our parents (mum is ginger) gene variation is between species' and gene allele variation is between the same species

Answer 46

Genotype: Description of all the genes and alleles in their body Phenotypes: physical traits / appearance phenotypes determined by genotypes and environmental factors