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Psychology > Approaches > Flashcards

Approaches Flashcards

1
Q

What is science?

A

A means of acquiring knowledge through systematic and objective investigation.

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2
Q

What is Intorspection?

A

The first systematic experimental attempt to study the mind by breaking up conscious awareness into basic structures of thoughts.

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3
Q

What is the Behaviourist Approach?

A

A way of explaining behaviour in terms of what is observable and in terms of learning.

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4
Q

What is Classical Conditioning?

A

Learning by association, occurs when two small stimuli are paired together.

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5
Q

What is Operant Conditioning?

A

A form of learning in which behaviour is shaped and maintained by consequences.

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6
Q

What is Reinforcement?

A

A consequence of behaviour that makes it repeat.

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7
Q

What is the Social Learning Theory?

A

A way of explaining behaviour that includes both direct and indirect reinforcement.

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8
Q

What is Identification?

A

The influence of a role model is important.

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9
Q

What is Modelling?

A

Imitating behaviour they see from others.

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10
Q

What is Vicarious Reinforcement?

A

Reinforcement that was not direct.

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11
Q

What are Mediational Processes?

A

Cognitive factors that influence learning.

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12
Q

What is a Cognitive Approach?

A

Mental processes.

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13
Q

What Internal Mental Processes?

A

Private operations of the mind.

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14
Q

What is a Schema?

A

A mental framework of beliefs and expectations that influence cognitive processing.

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15
Q

What is Inference?

A

The process whereby cognitive psychologists draw conclusions about the way our mental processes operate.

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16
Q

What is Cognitive Neuroscience?

A

The scientific study of those biological structures.

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17
Q

What is the Biological Approach?

A

A perspective that emphasises the importance of physical processes in the body.

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18
Q

What is Neurochemistry?

A

Relating to chemicals in the brain.

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19
Q

What is a Genotype?

A

The genes a person possess.

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20
Q

What is a Phenotype?

A

The characteristics if an individual determined by both genes and environment.

21
Q

What is the Nervous System?

A

CNS and PNS, communicated using electrical signals.

22
Q

What is the Central Nervous System (CNS)?

A

Brain and spinal cord and is the origin of the complex commands.

23
Q

What is the Peripheral Nervous System (PNS)?

A

Sends information to the CNS from the outside world.

24
Q

What is the Somatic Nervous System (SNS)?

A

Transmits information from the receptor cells in the sense organs to the CNS.

25
Q

What is the Autonomic Nervous System (ANS)?

A

Transmits information to and from internal bodily organs.

26
Q

What is the Endocrine System?

A

One of the body’s major information systems that instruct glands to release hormones.

27
Q

What is a Gland?

A

An organ in the body that synthesises substances such as hormones.

28
Q

What is the Flight or Fight Response?

A

The way an animal responds when stressed.

29
Q

What are Hormones?

A

Chemical substance that circulate in the bloodstream and only affect target organs.

30
Q

What is Adrenaline?

A

A hormone produced by the adrenal glands which is part of the human body’s immediate stress response system.

31
Q

What is the Nucleus?

A

The membrane-enclosed organelle within a cell that contains the chromosomes.

32
Q

What is a Cell Body?

A

The spherical part of a neuron that houses the nucleus.

33
Q

What is a Neuron?

A

The basic building block of the nervous system.

34
Q

What are Sensory Neurons?

A

They carry messages from the PNS to the CNS.

35
Q

What are Relay Neurons?

A

Connect the sensory neurons to the motor neurons.

36
Q

What are Motor Neurons?

A

Connect the CNS to effectors such as muscles.

37
Q

What is Synaptic Transmission?

A

The process by which neighbouring neurons communicate with each other by sending chemical messages.

38
Q

What is a Neurotransmitter?

A

Brain chemicals released from synaptic vesicles that relay signals across the synapse.

39
Q

What is Excitation?

A

When a neurotransmitter increases the positive charge of the postsynaptic neuron.

40
Q

What is Inhibition?

A

When a neurotransmitter increases the negative charge of the postsynaptic neuron.

41
Q

What is Psychodynamic Approach?

A

A perspective that describes the different forces most of which are unconscious.

42
Q

What is Id?

A

Unconscious selfish aggression.

43
Q

What is an Ego?

A

The balance between the Id and superego.

44
Q

What is a Superego?

A

The moral part of the unconscious.

45
Q

What is the Humanistic Approach?

A

An approach to understanding behaviour that emphasises the importance of subjective experience.

46
Q

What is Self-Actualisation?

A

The desire to grow and fulfill one’s potential.

47
Q

What is the Hierarchy of Needs?

A

A five levelled hierarchy sequence in which basic physiological needs.

48
Q

What is Free Will?

A

The notion that humans can make choices.

Psychology (6 decks)

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