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Psychology > Research Methods > Flashcards

Research Methods Flashcards

1
Q

What are Research Methods?

A

The investigation and study in a particular way.

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2
Q

What is an Experimental Method?

A

Involves the manipulation of the IV to measure the DV.

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3
Q

What is an Aim?

A

A general statement of what the researcher intends to investigate.

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4
Q

What is a Hypothesis?

A

A clear precise testable statement.

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5
Q

What is a Directional Hypothesis?

A

States the direction of the difference or relationship.

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6
Q

What is a Non-Directional Hypothesis?

A

Does state the direction.

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7
Q

What are Variables?

A

Anything that can vary or change within an investigation.

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8
Q

What is an Independent Variable (IV)?

A

The item that is changed so the DV can be measured.

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9
Q

What is a Dependent Variable (DV)?

A

This is what is measured.

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10
Q

What is Operationalisation?

A

Clearly defining variables of how it’s measured.

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11
Q

What are Extraneous Variables (EV)?

A

Something else that will affect the DV.

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12
Q

What are Confounding Variables?

A

Very similar to EV but it cannot be controlled.

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13
Q

What are Demand Characteristics?

A

Any cue from the researcher that may give away the purpose of the research.

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14
Q

What are Investigator Effects?

A

The impact the investigator may have on the DV and the research.

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15
Q

What is Randomisation?

A

The use of chance methods to control the effects of the bias.

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16
Q

What is Standardisation?

A

Making sure all procedures are the exact same for each participants.

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17
Q

What is Experimental Design?

A

The different ways in which participants can be organised in relation to the conditions.

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18
Q

What is Independent Groups Design?

A

Participants are allocated to different groups where each group represents one condition.

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19
Q

What are Repeated Measures?

A

All participants take part in all conditions of the experiment.

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20
Q

What are Matched Pairs Designs?

A

Pairs of participants are first matched on a variable that may affect the DV. Each pair does one condition.

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21
Q

What are Random Allocations?

A

An attempt to control for participant variables where each participant has a chance of being in each condition.

22
Q

What is Counterbalancing?

A

An attempt to control for the effects of order. Half experience Condition A then B, then vice versa.

23
Q

What is a laboratory experiment?

A

An experiment that takes place in a controlled condition. The researcher controls the variables.

24
Q

What is a Field Experiment?

A

Experiment takes place in a natural environment.

25
Q

What is a Natural Experiment?

A

The researcher doesn’t control the IV.

26
Q

What is a Quasi-Experiment?

A

The variables just exist, some say this isn’t really an experiment.

27
Q

What is a Population?

A

A group of people who are the focus of the research.

28
Q

What are Sampling Techniques?

A

The method used to select people from the population.

29
Q

What is Bias?

A

Some groups (gender) may have a higher number in the groups.

30
Q

What is Generalisation?

A

When the findings can be applied to the population.

31
Q

What are Ethical Issues?

A

There is a conflict between the rights of the participants and the goals of the research.

32
Q

What are Pilot Studies?

A

A small scale version of the experiment.

33
Q

What is a Naturalistic Observation?

A

Watching and recording behaviour in the setting within which it would normally occur.

34
Q

What is a Controlled Observation?

A

Watching and recording behaviour within a structured environment.

35
Q

What is a Covert Observation?

A

Participants behaviour is watched and recorded without consent.

36
Q

What is an Overt Observation?

A

Participants behaviour is watched and recorded with consent.

37
Q

What is Participant Observation?

A

The researcher becomes a member of the group while they are being watched and recorded.

38
Q

What is Non-Participant Observation?

A

The researcher remains outside of the group while they are being watched and recorded.

39
Q

What are Behaviour Categories?

A

When a target behaviour is broken up into components that are observable and measurable.

40
Q

What is Event Sampling?

A

A target behaviour that the researcher then records when it happens.

41
Q

What is Time Sampling?

A

A researcher records a set behaviour over a fixed time.

42
Q

What are Self-Reporting Techniques?

A

Any method in which a person is asked to state their own feelings.

43
Q

What are Open Questions?

A

Questions in which there is no fixed choice of answer.

44
Q

What are Closed Questions?

A

Questions in which there is a fixed choice of answer.

45
Q

What is Correlation?

A

A mathematical technique in which a researcher investigates an association.

46
Q

What are Co-Variables?

A

The variables investigated in a correlation.

47
Q

What is Qualitative Data?

A

Data that is expressed in words.

48
Q

What is Quantitative Data?

A

Data that is expressed in numbers.

49
Q

What is Meta-Analysis?

A

The process of combining the findings from a number of studies.

50
Q

What is Statistical Testing?

A

Provides a way of quick testing a hypothesis.

Psychology (6 decks)

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